assign oxidation numbers to each atom in the following compounds :
Hi
Pbr3
Ges2
Kh
AS2O5
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To assign oxidation numbers to each atom in a compound, you need to follow a set of rules. Here are the rules for assigning oxidation numbers:
1. The oxidation number of an atom in its elemental form is always zero. For example, in an element like H2, both hydrogen atoms would have an oxidation number of zero.
2. The oxidation number of a monatomic ion is equal to its charge. For example, in a compound like K+ (potassium ion), the oxidation number of potassium is +1.
3. The sum of the oxidation numbers in a neutral compound is zero.
4. Common oxidation numbers for certain elements can be remembered:
- Group 1 elements (alkali metals) have an oxidation number of +1.
- Group 2 elements (alkaline earth metals) have an oxidation number of +2.
- Oxygen usually has an oxidation number of -2.
- Hydrogen usually has an oxidation number of +1, except when it is combined with a metal, where it has an oxidation number of -1.
- Fluorine always has an oxidation number of -1.
- The sum of the oxidation numbers in a polyatomic ion is equal to the charge of the ion.
Now, let's assign oxidation numbers to each atom in the compounds you provided:
1. Hi (hydroiodic acid):
- Hydrogen is combined with a non-metal, so its oxidation number is +1.
- Iodine is a halogen and usually has an oxidation number of -1. However, since there is only one iodine atom, its oxidation number is +1.
Oxidation numbers in Hi: H = +1, I = +1.
2. Pbr3 (phosphorus tribromide):
- Phosphorus is a group 5 element (Group 15 in older notation), so its common oxidation number is -3.
- Bromine is a halogen and usually has an oxidation number of -1.
Oxidation numbers in Pbr3: P = -3, Br = -1.
3. Ges2 (germanium disulfide):
- Germanium is a metalloid and can have different oxidation numbers. In this case, since sulfur is more electronegative, germanium is assigned an oxidation number of +4.
- Sulfur is a non-metal, so its oxidation number is -2.
Oxidation numbers in Ges2: Ge = +4, S = -2.
4. Kh (potassium hydride):
- Potassium is a group 1 element, so its oxidation number is +1.
- Hydrogen, when combined with a metal, has an oxidation number of -1.
Oxidation numbers in Kh: K = +1, H = -1.
5. AS2O5 (arsenic pentoxide):
- Arsenic is a metalloid and can have different oxidation numbers. In this case, it is assigned an oxidation number of +5.
- Oxygen usually has an oxidation number of -2.
Oxidation numbers in AS2O5: As = +5, O = -2.
By applying these rules, you can assign oxidation numbers to atoms in compounds.