How does ATP supply the cells with the energy they need to work? Outline the general scheme of the ATP energy cycle.
ATP is what makes all living things go. When energy is needed to drive an unfavorable reaction in the human body, ATP is the energy source that cells use to drive such a reaction. ATP is turned into ADP or from ADP to AMP. The cleaving of phosphates releases energy so that the human body can carry out processes. The other part of your question: Outline the general scheme of the ATP energy cycle is something that I advise you to just google.
The only reason that I said to just google it is because I know it from a molecular/biochemistry perspective, and it will take me a while to type such an answer. However, it will only take you a couple of minutes to find the information that you need.
This will help with the second sentence:
ATP-->ADP +Pi
ADP-->AMP+Pi
Pi=phosphate group.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary molecule used by cells to store and transfer energy. It supplies the energy needed for cellular processes by undergoing a cycle known as the ATP energy cycle. The general scheme of the ATP energy cycle involves several steps:
1. ATP Generation/Formation: ATP is initially generated through cellular respiration or photosynthesis, depending on the organism. During cellular respiration, glucose molecules are broken down in the presence of oxygen, releasing energy that is used to synthesize ATP. In photosynthesis, light energy is converted into chemical energy, stored in the form of ATP. Both processes involve specific enzymes and pathways to generate ATP.
2. Cellular Work: Once ATP is formed, it can be used to perform various cellular processes, which require energy. These processes include metabolic reactions, macromolecule synthesis, active transport of molecules across the cell membrane, muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and more. ATP provides the necessary energy for these activities by the release of phosphate groups.
3. Hydrolysis: When ATP is used in cellular work, it undergoes hydrolysis, which involves the breaking of high-energy phosphate bonds. An enzyme called ATPase catalyzes this reaction. By breaking the terminal phosphate bond, ATP is converted into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). This process releases energy that is used by the cell.
4. Release of Energy: The hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and Pi releases a significant amount of energy. This energy is utilized by the cell to drive various chemical reactions and perform work. The released energy helps to power cellular processes and maintain the overall functioning of the cell.
5. Regeneration: After hydrolysis, the ADP and Pi molecules can be converted back into ATP through a process called phosphorylation. Phosphate groups are added to ADP using energy obtained from cellular respiration or photosynthesis, completing the ATP energy cycle. This regeneration restores the ATP levels within the cell, making it available for future energy-demanding processes.
Overall, the ATP energy cycle involves the generation of ATP through cellular respiration or photosynthesis, the use of ATP to power cellular work through hydrolysis, and the subsequent regeneration of ATP to sustain the energy supply for the cell.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is commonly referred to as the "energy currency" of the cell because it provides the necessary energy for cellular work. The ATP energy cycle involves a continuous process of ATP formation and breakdown.
To understand how ATP supplies energy to cells, let's outline the general scheme of the ATP energy cycle:
1. ATP Synthesis: Energy input from various sources, like the breakdown of food molecules, enables the synthesis of ATP. The process primarily occurs through cellular respiration, where glucose is oxidized to release energy. During cellular respiration, the mitochondria play a crucial role in generating ATP through a series of chemical reactions.
2. ATP Hydrolysis: When cells require energy, ATP undergoes hydrolysis. An ATP molecule is composed of three phosphate groups, with high-energy bonds holding them together. The last phosphate group (known as the terminal phosphate) is then cleaved from the ATP molecule, resulting in the release of energy. This hydrolysis process is catalyzed by an enzyme called ATPase.
3. Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) and Inorganic Phosphate (Pi): After the terminal phosphate is removed, ATP is converted into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and an inorganic phosphate molecule (Pi). This hydrolysis reaction results in a release of energy that can be utilized by the cell.
4. Cellular Work: The energy released during ATP hydrolysis is harnessed and utilized by the cell in various forms of work, including mechanical work (muscle contractions), transport work (active transport of molecules across cell membranes), and chemical work (synthesis of macromolecules).
5. ATP Regeneration: To keep up with the ongoing energy demands of the cell, ADP is converted back into ATP through a process called phosphorylation. This can occur through two mechanisms: substrate-level phosphorylation, which occurs during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, which occurs during the electron transport chain within the mitochondria.
6. Repeat Cycle: The regenerated ATP can now be utilized again to release energy for cellular activities. This process occurs continuously within the cell to maintain an adequate supply of ATP for energy-requiring processes.
In summary, ATP supplies energy to the cells through a continuous cycle of synthesis, hydrolysis, and regeneration. The energy released during ATP hydrolysis is used to power various cellular work, and ADP is then converted back to ATP to sustain the energy demands of the cell.