Political integration is
common in chiefdoms.
common in band societies.
common in tribal societies.
rare in commercial societies.
To determine whether political integration is common or rare in each of the mentioned types of societies, we need to understand what political integration means in this context.
Political integration refers to the extent to which different groups within a society come together under a centralized political authority.
1. Chiefdoms: Chiefdoms are social systems where political power is centralized under the authority of a single chief or leader. Political integration is common in chiefdoms, as the chief holds power and authority over a number of subordinates and typically has control over economic resources and decision-making.
2. Band societies: Band societies are small, kinship-based groups that are traditionally nomadic or semi-nomadic. These societies are typically egalitarian, with decision-making being carried out collectively. While there may be leaders or influential individuals within the band, political integration is generally low in band societies, as power is more dispersed and decisions are made through consensus.
3. Tribal societies: Tribal societies are larger than bands and often have more hierarchical social structures. Political integration in tribal societies can vary. Some tribal societies may have centralized political authority, typically in the form of a chief or council, which leads to a certain level of political integration. However, other tribal societies may have more decentralized or fragmented political structures, leading to lower levels of integration.
4. Commercial societies: Commercial societies, also known as market or industrial societies, are characterized by extensive trade, urbanization, and a focus on individualism and economic pursuits. In such societies, political integration is generally rare. Power tends to be divided among different institutions such as governments, corporations, and civil society organizations, and there is often a greater emphasis on individual rights and freedoms rather than centralized political authority.
In summary, political integration is common in chiefdoms and could be variable in tribal societies. On the other hand, it is typically low in band societies, and rare in commercial societies.