What grammatical structure is the italicized portion of the sentence?

Although her personality had not changed at all, Megan looked quite different.

First part is italicized!

It's a dependent adverbial clause.

The italicized portion of the sentence, "Although her personality had not changed at all," is an example of a subordinating conjunction introducing a subordinate clause. In this case, "although" is the subordinating conjunction that establishes the contrast between the main clause and the subordinate clause. The subordinate clause itself, "her personality had not changed at all," adds additional information to the main clause but cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.