The actual change in the money supply equals

To find the actual change in the money supply, you need to consider the factors that affect it. The money supply is determined by the actions of the central bank, commercial banks, and the public. The actual change in the money supply is influenced by several variables, such as:

1. Open Market Operations: The central bank buys or sells government securities in the open market. When the central bank buys securities, it injects money into the economy, increasing the money supply. Conversely, when it sells securities, it removes money from circulation, decreasing the money supply.

2. Reserve Ratio: The reserve ratio is the portion of deposits that banks are required to hold as reserves. If the central bank reduces the reserve ratio, banks can lend out more money, increasing the money supply. On the other hand, if the reserve ratio is increased, banks will have fewer funds to lend, reducing the money supply.

3. Bank Lending: When banks extend loans to individuals and businesses, new money is created. This process is known as fractional reserve banking. If lending increases, more money enters circulation, increasing the money supply. If lending decreases, the money supply decreases.

4. Consumer and Business Spending: When consumers and businesses spend money, it circulates within the economy. Increased spending leads to more money in circulation, raising the money supply. Conversely, decreased spending reduces the money supply.

5. Foreign Exchange: Currency inflows or outflows due to international trade can impact the money supply. For example, if exports exceed imports, foreign currency flows into the country and must be exchanged for domestic currency, increasing the money supply. Conversely, if imports exceed exports, domestic currency flows out of the country, reducing the money supply.

To calculate the actual change in the money supply, you would need to collect and analyze data on these factors and assess their respective impacts. This requires a comprehensive understanding of monetary policy, banking operations, economic indicators, and international trade dynamics.