How are we able to determine that jupiter is mostly methane gas and that the surface of the sun is mostly He and H? can anyone help me pls

Certainly! The determination of the composition of Jupiter and the Sun is based on a combination of observations and scientific analysis.

For Jupiter:
1. Spectroscopy: Scientists use remote sensing techniques, such as spectroscopy, to study the light reflected or emitted by Jupiter. Spectroscopy measures the unique patterns of light absorption or emission associated with different chemical elements. By comparing these patterns to laboratory measurements, scientists can identify the presence of specific gases in Jupiter's atmosphere, such as methane (CH4).

2. Space probes: NASA's Galileo mission and the Juno spacecraft have provided direct observations and measurements of Jupiter's atmosphere. These spacecraft carry instruments capable of analyzing the composition and abundance of different gases, allowing scientists to confirm the presence of methane in Jupiter's atmosphere.

For the Sun:
1. Spectroscopy: Just like with Jupiter, spectroscopy plays a vital role in identifying the elements present in the Sun. By analyzing the light emitted by the Sun across a wide range of wavelengths (or colors), scientists can identify the signatures of different elements. In particular, the features caused by helium (He) and hydrogen (H) are prominent in the Sun's spectrum.

2. Solar spectrometers: Dedicated instruments, such as the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) and the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), continuously observe the Sun using sensitive spectrometers. These instruments capture detailed measurements of the solar spectrum, allowing scientists to analyze the specific wavelengths associated with helium and hydrogen. This enables them to determine that the surface (photosphere) of the Sun is mostly composed of helium and hydrogen.

In conclusion, our understanding of the compositions of Jupiter and the Sun is achieved through a combination of spectroscopy, remote sensing, space probes, and dedicated solar observatories. These techniques allow scientists to both identify the presence of specific elements and analyze their abundances.