what is the force between two coaxially charged ring separated with distance 'd'?

radius of both ring = 'R'

The force between two coaxially charged rings separated by a distance 'd' can be calculated using Coulomb's Law.

Coulomb's Law states that the force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

To calculate the force between two charged rings, we need to consider them as a collection of point charges distributed along the circumference of the rings. Each point charge will exert a force on the corresponding point charges of the other ring.

The force between each pair of point charges can be calculated using Coulomb's Law as:

F = (k * q1 * q2) / r^2

Where:
- F is the force between the point charges,
- k is Coulomb's constant (approximately 9 x 10^9 Nm^2/C^2),
- q1 and q2 are the magnitudes of the charges on the point charges,
- r is the distance between the point charges.

To calculate the total force between the rings, we need to sum up the forces between each pair of corresponding point charges on the rings. Since both rings have the same radius 'R', we can consider corresponding point charges at the same angle on both rings. Using integration, we can find the sum of forces.

Therefore, the force between two coaxially charged rings can be calculated by integrating the forces between each pair of corresponding point charges on the rings.

Please note that this calculation requires advanced knowledge of calculus and can be complex. It is recommended to consult textbooks or online resources that provide detailed explanations and examples for integrating forces between charged rings.