THIS QUESTION IS WORTH 50 MARKS
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Give 2 different reasons why two muscles that act across the same side of the same joint are not necessarily redundant? Explain your reasons in detail and give at one real example that illustrates each reason.
First year anatomy?
yes can you please help me
To answer this question, we need to understand why two muscles that act across the same side of the same joint may not be redundant. Redundancy in this context refers to the idea that the two muscles perform the same function and are interchangeable.
Reason 1: Different roles in joint stabilization and control
One reason why two muscles acting across the same joint may not be redundant is that they can have different roles in joint stabilization and control. While both muscles may contribute to the movement at the joint, they might have additional functions that make them distinct.
For example, let's consider the elbow joint. The biceps brachii and the brachialis muscles both act across the same side of the elbow joint and contribute to flexion (bending) of the arm at the elbow. However, the biceps brachii also plays a role in supination (palm-up rotation) of the forearm, whereas the brachialis primarily focuses on elbow flexion. In this case, both muscles have overlapping functions, but they also have distinct roles in controlling different movements of the forearm.
Reason 2: Varying force production and joint torque
Another reason why two muscles acting across the same joint may not be redundant is that they may differ in their force production and joint torque generation capabilities. Even if both muscles are capable of performing similar movements, they may exhibit differences in their strength, power, and joint torque production.
Let's consider the knee joint. The quadriceps femoris muscle group comprises four muscles that act across the same side of the knee joint. While all four muscles contribute to knee extension, they exhibit different levels of force production. The vastus medialis is responsible for lateral stabilization of the patella, while the vastus lateralis generates greater force during high-load activities. Despite acting across the same joint, the varying force production capabilities of these muscles make them non-redundant.
To obtain sources for further reference on this topic, you can follow these steps:
1. Search for scholarly articles: Go to a reputable academic database like PubMed, Google Scholar, or ScienceDirect. Enter keywords such as "muscle redundancy," "muscle function," or "joint movement" along with specific terms related to your question. Look for articles that discuss the roles of different muscles in joint movement.
2. Consult textbooks: Check relevant anatomy, physiology, or kinesiology textbooks. Look for chapters or sections that discuss muscle function, joint movement, and redundancy. These textbooks often cite studies and provide additional explanations and examples to support the concepts.
3. Review scientific reviews or meta-analyses: Look for systematic reviews or meta-analyses that summarize and analyze findings from multiple studies on muscle function and joint movement. These sources can provide a comprehensive overview of the topic, including key concepts, evidence, and real-world examples.
Remember to evaluate your sources for reliability and credibility by checking the authors' qualifications, the journal or publisher's reputation, and the presence of citations and references within the source itself.