Discuss the conclusions of Margaret Mead concerning temperament, and explain how she arrived at her conclusions.
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Margaret Mead was an influential cultural anthropologist who conducted research on various topics, including temperament. She observed and studied different cultures to understand how their societal norms and practices shape the temperament of individuals within those societies. Mead's conclusions regarding temperament were based on her extensive fieldwork and research. Here's how she arrived at her conclusions:
1. Fieldwork and Observations: Margaret Mead conducted fieldwork in Samoa, New Guinea, and Bali, among other places. She immersed herself in these societies, living with the locals, learning their language, and observing their daily lives. Mead actively participated in their customs, rituals, and conversations to gain a deep understanding of their cultural practices.
2. Cross-Cultural Comparison: Mead's approach focused on comparing different societies to identify patterns and variations in temperament. By studying the variation in temperament across cultures, she aimed to discover how cultural factors might influence individual temperament traits.
3. Interviews and Surveys: Mead interviewed individuals within these societies to understand how they perceived and described temperament. These interviews allowed her to gain insights into the cultural meanings and interpretations of different temperamental characteristics.
4. Longitudinal Studies: Mead often conducted longitudinal studies, following individuals over an extended period in their lives, to observe changes in temperament. This helped her understand how cultural and environmental factors influenced the development of temperament over time.
5. Participant Observation: Mead engaged in participant observation, where she actively participated in cultural activities, such as child-rearing practices or religious ceremonies. By immersing herself in these activities, Mead gained a first-hand experience of the cultural context surrounding temperament.
Based on her research and observations, Mead concluded that temperament is not solely determined by innate biological factors but is deeply influenced by cultural and environmental factors. She argued that different societies have their own distinct definitions and expectations of temperament, creating variations in how individuals express and perceive temperament traits.
Mead's conclusions challenged the prevailing belief that temperament was primarily innate and universal across cultures. Her work highlighted the importance of considering socio-cultural factors when studying human behavior and demonstrated how cultural practices shape the development and expression of temperament.