Explain the role of the federal government during the industrialization of the United States during the years after the Civil War to 1900. Be sure to discuss at least three of the following: the railroads, time zones, land grants, Native Americans, Interstate Commerce Act, Sherman Anti-Trust Act.

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http://home.earthlink.net/~gfeldmeth/lec.indust.html

http://regentsprep.org/regents/ushisgov/themes/economic/ind.cfm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Act_of_1887

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_grant

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During the industrialization of the United States from the years after the Civil War to 1900, the federal government played a significant role in shaping various aspects of the country's development. Here are three key areas where the government's involvement was notable:

1. Railroads: The federal government played a crucial role in the expansion of the railroad network across the United States during this period. One important action was the passing of the Pacific Railroad Act in 1862, which provided federal support, in the form of land grants and loans, to private railroad companies to construct the first transcontinental railroad. Through land grants, where the government provided large tracts of land to the railroad companies, the federal government incentivized and accelerated the construction of rail lines. This, in turn, facilitated the transportation of goods, people, and ideas, contributing to economic growth and the expansion of markets.

2. Time Zones: Prior to the late 19th century, there was no standardized system of time, and each town or city set its own time according to the location of the sun. However, with the emergence of the railroad industry, coordinating train schedules became increasingly important. To address this, the federal government enacted the Standard Time Act in 1918. This legislation established four time zones across the continental United States and brought consistency to the measurement of time throughout the country. By implementing this standardized time system, the government facilitated better coordination and efficiency within the railroad industry and other sectors reliant on accurate and synchronized timekeeping.

3. Native Americans: The federal government's policies towards Native Americans during this period were complex and often detrimental to indigenous communities. Through acts such as the Dawes Act of 1887, the government sought to assimilate Native Americans into the dominant culture and open up their lands for settlement and economic exploitation. Under the Dawes Act, Native American reservations were divided into individually owned parcels of land, with excess land being made available for sale to non-Native settlers. This policy significantly impacted Native American communities, resulting in the loss of traditional territories and undermining their economic and social autonomy.

In addition to these three key areas, it is worth mentioning two notable acts: the Interstate Commerce Act and the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 aimed to regulate the railroad industry and prevent unfair practices such as rate discrimination and price fixing. It established the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) as the first regulatory agency in the United States. While its effectiveness was limited, the act represented an initial attempt by the federal government to regulate a rapidly expanding industry, reflecting growing concerns about the concentration of economic power.

The Sherman Anti-Trust Act, passed in 1890, was a landmark legislation that sought to combat monopolistic practices. It prohibited contracts, conspiracies, and combinations in restraint of trade, thereby aiming to ensure fair competition in the marketplace. Although initially used with limited success, the act laid the foundation for future trust-busting efforts and antitrust laws.

To delve deeper into the role of the federal government during the industrialization of the United States, one can explore primary sources such as congressional records, presidential proclamations, and reports from government agencies like the ICC. Analyzing scholarly articles, books, and historical databases can provide a comprehensive understanding of the policies, debates, and impacts of the federal government's involvement during this transformative era.