which of the following cannot cause change in gene pool

a) mutation
b) migration
c) meiosis
d) genetic drift

To determine which of the following options cannot cause a change in the gene pool, let's explore each option:

a) Mutation: Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence, and they are one of the primary sources of genetic variation in a population. Mutations introduce new alleles into the gene pool and, therefore, can cause changes in the gene frequencies. So, mutation can cause a change in the gene pool.

b) Migration: Migration refers to the movement of individuals from one population to another. When individuals migrate between populations, they bring their genes with them. This introduces new genetic material into the recipient population, resulting in gene pool changes. Therefore, migration can cause a change in the gene pool.

c) Meiosis: Meiosis is a specialized cell division process that produces gametes (sex cells) for sexual reproduction. During meiosis, genetic recombination occurs through independent assortment and crossing over, leading to new combinations of alleles. This introduces genetic variation within the offspring and, consequently, can cause changes in the gene pool. Hence, meiosis can cause a change in the gene pool.

d) Genetic drift: Genetic drift refers to the random fluctuations in gene frequency within a population. It is caused by chance events, such as the random distribution of alleles during reproduction or the loss of individuals due to random factors. Genetic drift can cause changes in the gene pool as certain alleles may become more or less common over time due to chance. Therefore, genetic drift can also cause a change in the gene pool.

Based on the explanations above, all the given options (a, b, c, and d) can cause changes in the gene pool.