Describe features found in the early buildings of the International Style of architecture. Who was responsible for its start and what has it developed into?
The International Style of architecture emerged in the early 20th century and was characterized by specific features and principles. To understand these features, let's start with its origins.
The International Style had its beginnings in Europe during the 1920s and 1930s, primarily in Germany and the Netherlands. Its development was influenced by a group of architects and theorists known as the De Stijl movement, led by Theo van Doesburg and Piet Mondrian. Additionally, the Bauhaus school, with its focus on functionalism and rational design, played a significant role in shaping the style.
Now, let's delve into the features commonly found in the early buildings of the International Style:
1. Functionalism: Buildings were designed with a focus on functionality and efficient use of space. The design prioritized the building's purpose over decoration and ornamentation.
2. Reinforced Concrete and Steel: The International Style embraced modern construction materials like reinforced concrete and steel. This allowed for a more flexible and innovative approach to design, with large, uninterrupted expanses of glass, open floor plans, and cantilevered structures.
3. Horizontal Emphasis: The style emphasized horizontality. Buildings were often characterized by flat roofs, horizontal windows, and continuous ribbon windows running along the building's façade.
4. Open Plan: The use of an open floor plan with flexible interior spaces became a defining feature. This design eliminated unnecessary partitions, allowing for fluid movement and adaptable use of space.
5. Minimalism: The International Style embraced minimalism, with clean lines and simplicity of form. Decoration and excessive ornamentation were intentionally avoided.
6. Devoid of Historical References: The style rejected historical architectural references and sought to establish a fresh, modern aesthetic. The focus was on creating a universal and timeless architecture that would be relevant across cultures and regions.
Since its inception, the International Style has evolved and expanded beyond its early characteristics. It has become a global movement, influencing architects around the world. Its principles continue to shape contemporary architectural designs, particularly in the form of high-rise buildings and glass curtain walls, which are commonly associated with the style.