"landward" means toward the land. Either a or b could be correct, but I think b works best for this question ... unless you have a photo or drawing that shows something else.
The question was all it had, I'll go with b. I think it'd be the best bet.
Yep!
Based on the information you provided, the phrase "on the landward side" typically refers to being away from the volcano. This is because the term "landward" implies the direction towards the land or away from the water. Since the options do not mention a specific context or feature, it is reasonable to assume that being "on the landward side" indicates being away from the volcano.
