Two rockets are orbiting the earth, traveling in perfect circles with equal radii. The velocity of rocket A is twice that of rocket B. What can be said about their respective centripetal accelerations?

This question describes an impossible situation, and your teacher should know that. If both orbits are circles with equal radii, the velocities must be the same. That follows from Kepler's third law, and can be proven in other ways.

If this question comes from an online "university" or home schooling course, you should reconsider whether it worth taking the course.