The energy that directs behavior into productive areas originates in:
a. instinct.
b. emotion.
c. drive reduction.
d. leptin.
From reading the text I know it is either a or c and not b or d. I think it is c but I am not too sure.
How about
e. food ?
The conclusions of your text are the opinions of its author.
According to Clark Hull, drive reduction is the motivation which leads to all learning and behaviour.
So I agree with Dr WLS. This theory has been widely discredited, and frankly, I am surprised your instructor is spending time on it, except as a historical interest. It is of no more value than studying Freud and his stages, or Wu Xing elements, or the Greek version of it. History is valuable, but trying to explain what we KNOW now in terms of these archaic historical models is wasteful of time and energy. After all, Copernicus already laid out a better theory, and Galelio proved it, and Newton explained it, and for three hundred years, we have moved forward.
Clark Hull's theories were the basis of many who built on his basics: Notably Maslow who became famous, but others were greater. Hull did contribute to our understanding of Hypnosis. Hull's greatest achievement was building Yale as a strong experimental psychology center, and for attempting to apply the rigor of math logic to human behaviour. However, equations didn't exactly fit, but he tried. Since then, in my opinion, the field has gotten worse on "predicting" and "explaining" behaviour, given the pleura of "experts" testifying for hire at numerous trials around the country.
To determine the correct answer, let's analyze the options provided:
a. instinct: Instinct refers to innate, fixed patterns of behavior that are characteristic of a species. While it can drive behavior, it doesn't necessarily direct behavior into productive areas.
b. emotion: Emotions are subjective feelings that can influence behavior, but they are not the primary source of energy that directs behavior into productive areas.
c. drive reduction: Drive reduction theory suggests that physiological needs create a state of tension or drives, which motivate behavior in order to satisfy those needs. This energy originating from drives directs behavior into productive areas, making it a plausible answer.
d. leptin: Leptin is a hormone involved in regulating appetite and energy balance but doesn't directly originate the energy that directs behavior into productive areas.
Based on the analysis, option c, drive reduction, appears to be the most suitable answer. It aligns with the concept of motivation driven by physiological needs and the desire to reduce those drives.