In 21 states voters may propose and pass laws without the legislature

a.by direct initiative
b by indirect initiative
c by optional referendum
d by mandatory referendum

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is it c

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initiative

The correct answer is a) by direct initiative.

To arrive at this answer, we need a basic understanding of the terms and processes involved.

In the context of the question, "initiative" refers to a process that allows citizens to propose new laws or make changes to existing laws. It bypasses the state legislature by allowing voters to directly propose and pass laws through a statewide vote.

There are two types of initiatives, direct and indirect.

Direct initiative, as mentioned in option a), allows citizens to propose specific laws directly to the voters without involving the legislature. This means that citizens can initiate the process, gather signatures on a petition supporting the proposal, and if they collect enough valid signatures, the proposed law goes directly on the ballot for a statewide vote. If a majority of voters support the initiative, it becomes law.

Indirect initiative, mentioned in option b), is a similar process but involves the state legislature to some degree. Just like in direct initiatives, citizens propose specific laws through a petition. However, the legislature must first consider the proposal. They can choose to pass it as a law without modification, send it to the voters for approval or rejection, or propose a different version that will appear on the ballot alongside the citizens' proposal. In this case, the voters choose between the two versions or decide not to adopt either.

Options c) (optional referendum) and d) (mandatory referendum) refer to different types of referendums, not initiatives.

In conclusion, the correct answer to the question is a) by direct initiative, as it accurately describes the process of voters proposing and passing laws without the involvement of the legislature.