How is that Buddhism declined after the Muslim invasions while Hinduism survived?
The decline of Buddhism in India after the Muslim invasions and the survival of Hinduism can be attributed to several factors. It is important to note that the decline was a result of a complex interplay of historical, social, and political factors, and not solely due to military conquests. Here's an explanation of some key factors that contributed to this:
1. Muslim Invasions: The repeated invasions by Muslim rulers from the 12th century onwards had a profound impact on Indian society. These invasions led to the destruction of Buddhist monasteries, temples, and centers of learning, disrupting the institutional structure of Buddhism.
2. Patronage: Unlike Hinduism, which enjoyed royal patronage and support from Indian rulers, Buddhism did not have similar political backing during this period. Lack of patronage resulted in the decline of Buddhist institutions, leading to a loss of influence and resources.
3. Religious Differences: Hinduism, being a more established and indigenous religion, had deeper roots in the Indian social fabric. Its ritualistic and philosophical aspects were more relatable to the masses, making it easier for many to assimilate and continue practicing Hinduism even in challenging times. Conversely, Buddhism, with its more complex doctrines and monastic practices, faced challenges in attracting and retaining a large following.
4. Adaptability: Hinduism demonstrated greater adaptability and assimilation throughout its history. It absorbed various religious, philosophical, and cultural influences over time, making it resilient to external threats. On the other hand, Buddhism remained relatively rigid in its doctrinal teachings, which limited its ability to adapt to changing circumstances.
5. Social Factors: In addition to the above factors, various social changes were taking place in India during this period. Hinduism, with its caste system, had a well-established social order that promoted stability and continuity. Buddhism, which initially gained popularity by challenging the existing social norms, faced difficulty in maintaining its appeal as societal structures changed.
It's important to remember that the decline of Buddhism in India was a gradual process that unfolded over several centuries. While the Muslim invasions played a significant role, multiple factors converged to contribute to this decline, allowing Hinduism to survive and become the dominant religious tradition in the region.