How is this hormones regulated: hypothlamus/pituitary axis, nervous system,feedback inhibition indicate which?
1. Follicle stimulating hormone
2. Cortisol
3. Antidiuretic hormone
4. Parathyroid hormone
5. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
6. Insulin
7. Norepinephrine
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To understand how these hormones are regulated, let's break it down:
1. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH):
- Regulation: FSH is regulated by the hypothalamus-pituitary axis.
- Explanation: The hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to produce and release FSH.
2. Cortisol:
- Regulation: Cortisol is regulated by the hypothalamus-pituitary axis and the feedback inhibition mechanism.
- Explanation: The hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to produce and release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH, in turn, triggers the adrenal glands to secrete cortisol. The release of cortisol feeds back to the hypothalamus and pituitary, reducing the production of CRH and ACTH through negative feedback.
3. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH):
- Regulation: ADH is regulated by the hypothalamus and the nervous system.
- Explanation: The hypothalamus produces ADH, which is then released by the posterior pituitary gland. The release of ADH is regulated by the osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus, which sense changes in blood osmolarity. ADH is released to reduce water loss by the kidneys in response to high blood osmolarity or low blood volume. Additionally, the autonomic nervous system can also influence ADH release.
4. Parathyroid hormone (PTH):
- Regulation: PTH is regulated by the feedback inhibition mechanism.
- Explanation: The release of PTH is controlled by the calcium levels in the blood. Low blood calcium levels stimulate the parathyroid glands to secrete PTH. Once the blood calcium levels reach a normal range, PTH secretion is inhibited through negative feedback.
5. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH):
- Regulation: TSH is regulated by the hypothalamus-pituitary axis.
- Explanation: The hypothalamus releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to produce and release TSH. TSH, in turn, triggers the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroid hormones.
6. Insulin:
- Regulation: Insulin is regulated by feedback inhibition.
- Explanation: The release of insulin is stimulated by high blood glucose levels. When blood glucose levels are elevated, the pancreas secretes insulin to facilitate the uptake of glucose by cells. As blood glucose levels decrease, insulin secretion is inhibited through negative feedback.
7. Norepinephrine:
- Regulation: Norepinephrine is regulated by the nervous system.
- Explanation: The release of norepinephrine is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. In response to stress or danger, the sympathetic nervous system stimulates the adrenal glands to release norepinephrine into the bloodstream, preparing the body for the fight or flight response.
In summary, the regulation of these hormones involves various mechanisms such as the hypothalamus-pituitary axis, feedback inhibition, and the nervous system. Each hormone has its specific regulatory pathway based on its function and the body's physiological needs.