when and how does Germany unite?

What are the causes and consequences of the rebellions
1837-36 upper and lower canada?

What are the causes of movement and the liberal movement
National Europe in the first Motie nineteenth sciècle

To answer these questions, we need to break them down into smaller parts and provide explanations for each.

1. When and how does Germany unite?
Germany officially united on January 18, 1871. This process, known as the Unification of Germany, was a result of political negotiations and alliances. Here's how it happened:

- Bismarck's role: Otto von Bismarck, the Chancellor of Prussia, played a crucial role in German unification. He skillfully used diplomacy and military force to achieve his goal.
- Wars and alliances: Bismarck initiated and led three successful wars: the Danish-Prussian War (1864), the Austro-Prussian War (1866), and the Franco-Prussian War (1870). These wars allowed Prussia to defeat rival powers and gain support from German states.
- Creation of the German Empire: After the victory over France in 1870, the southern German states, previously hesitant to join Prussia, agreed to be part of a united German Empire. Bismarck orchestrated the formation of the German Empire, crowning Prussia's King Wilhelm I as Emperor of Germany.

2. Causes and consequences of the rebellions of 1837-38 in Upper and Lower Canada:
The rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada (now Ontario and Quebec, respectively) were driven by several causes and had significant consequences. Here's a brief explanation:

- Causes:
a. Political grievances: The colonies faced limited political representation and perceived unfairness in how power was distributed.
b. Economic hardships: The colonies' economies struggled, and people faced high taxes and poor living conditions.
c. Cultural and language tensions: English and French-speaking populations clashed over language rights and cultural differences.
d. Influence of American revolutionaries: Some Canadian rebels were inspired by the American Revolution and sought greater democratic rights.

- Consequences:
a. British crackdown: The British authorities suppressed the rebellions through military force, leading to arrests and executions.
b. Reshaping of government: The rebellions led to reforms, such as the Union Act (1840), which merged Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada.
c. Increased demand for responsible government: The rebellions intensified calls for greater self-governance, aiding the push for responsible government in Canada.

3. Causes of the liberal and national movements in early 19th-century Europe:
The liberal and national movements of the early 19th century in Europe arose due to various factors. Here's a breakdown:

- Political and social changes: Post-Napoleonic era Europe witnessed a desire for political change and an end to absolute monarchies. People demanded constitutional rights and greater political participation.
- Nationalism: The rise of nationalism, fueled by a shared sense of cultural and historical identity, sparked movements for self-determination and independent nation-states.
- Enlightenment ideas: The Enlightenment, with its emphasis on individual rights, equality, and freedom, influenced people to challenge existing political and social structures.
- Economic transformations: Industrialization brought economic changes, such as urbanization and the rise of the middle class. These shifts contributed to demands for political and social reforms.

It is important to note that these explanations provide a general overview, and further in-depth study may be required to fully understand the complexities and nuances of each topic.