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below write the formula which shows the sequence of events that results in the production of a new protein molecule. then explain what is happing in each step of the sequence.
The sequence of events that results in the production of a new protein molecule can be explained through the process of protein synthesis. Here is the formulaic representation of the steps involved:
DNA (Gene) → Transcription → mRNA (Messenger RNA) → Translation → Protein
Now, let's explain each step in detail:
1. Transcription: In this step, the DNA sequence within a gene is used as a template to produce a complementary RNA molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA). To initiate transcription, an enzyme called RNA polymerase binds to the DNA at the beginning of the gene. The RNA polymerase then moves along the DNA strand, unwinding it and synthesizing a single-stranded RNA molecule as it matches the DNA bases.
2. mRNA: After transcription, the newly synthesized mRNA molecule is released from the DNA. This mRNA carries the genetic information from the DNA sequence (gene) to the ribosomes, which are responsible for protein synthesis.
3. Translation: Once the mRNA is released, it leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it binds to a ribosome. During translation, the information carried by the mRNA is used to synthesize a protein molecule. This process takes place in three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination.
a. Initiation: The ribosome attaches to the mRNA at a specific start codon, usually "AUG." This marks the beginning of protein synthesis.
b. Elongation: During elongation, the ribosome reads the mRNA sequence in groups of three nucleotides called codons. Each codon corresponds to a specific amino acid. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules carry the amino acids to the ribosome. The tRNA recognizes the codon on the mRNA through its anticodon sequence, and the ribosome attaches the amino acids together, forming a growing polypeptide chain.
c. Termination: Protein synthesis continues until a stop codon is reached. Stop codons do not code for any amino acid; instead, they indicate the end of translation. When a stop codon reaches the ribosome, the protein is released, and translation is complete.
4. Protein: Once translation is complete, the newly synthesized polypeptide chain folds into its three-dimensional structure, forming a functional protein. The folding process enables the protein to carry out its specific function in the cell or organism.
By following this series of events, genetic information encoded in DNA is transcribed into mRNA and then translated into a specific sequence of amino acids, ultimately resulting in the production of a new protein molecule.