Discuss three factors that a researcher can control when designing a valid study and three factors that a researcher can control to limit the effects that extraneous variables can have on the results of a study
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When designing a valid study, researchers have control over various factors that can impact the validity and reliability of their findings. Here are three key factors that researchers can control:
1. Research Design: Researchers have control over the selection of an appropriate research design. The chosen design will depend on the research question, available resources, and feasibility. For instance, if the aim is to establish cause and effect relationships, researchers can control whether to employ experimental designs, such as randomized controlled trials, which provide a stronger basis for drawing causal inferences.
2. Sampling Strategy: Researchers can control the sampling strategy to ensure a representative and diverse sample. The sampling method chosen can affect the generalizability of the findings. For example, if the goal is to study a specific population, researchers can control whether to use random sampling techniques or purposive sampling, which allows for targeted selection based on specific characteristics.
3. Manipulation of Independent Variables: In experimental research, researchers have control over the manipulation of independent variables. This involves determining the specific conditions or levels of the independent variable(s) that participants will be exposed to. By systematically varying these conditions, researchers can observe the effects on the dependent variable(s) while controlling for other variables.
To limit the effects that extraneous variables can have on the results of a study, researchers can implement the following strategies:
1. Randomization: Random assignment of participants to different groups or conditions helps distribute potential extraneous variables evenly among the groups. This helps control for their effects on the dependent variable. By randomly allocating participants, researchers ensure that any differences observed between groups are more likely due to the manipulation of the independent variable rather than other factors.
2. Experimental Control: Researchers can control the experimental setting and conditions to minimize the influence of extraneous variables. This includes standardizing procedures, ensuring consistency in data collection methods, and providing clear instructions to participants. By controlling these aspects, researchers can reduce the variability introduced by extraneous variables and increase the internal validity of the study.
3. Statistical Control: Researchers can also use statistical techniques to control for extraneous variables. For example, they can include covariates or control variables in their analysis to statistically βadjustβ for potential confounding effects. By including these variables in the statistical models, researchers can account for their influence on the dependent variable and obtain a more accurate estimate of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
Overall, by considering these factors and implementing appropriate controls, researchers can design valid studies that effectively minimize the impact of extraneous variables, leading to more reliable and credible findings.