Trace the memory system from stimuli into long-term memory. Discuss the features of each step and factors that enhance or impede information flow in each step of the process.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory

The process of tracing the memory system from stimuli to long-term memory involves several steps: sensory memory, attention, short-term memory, encoding, storage, and retrieval. Let's discuss the features of each step and factors that can enhance or impede information flow in each stage:

1. Sensory Memory:
Sensory memory is the initial stage of memory processing, where information from the environment is briefly registered. It has two subtypes: iconic memory (visual) and echoic memory (auditory). Sensory memory has a large capacity but a very short duration, lasting only a few seconds. Factors that can enhance information flow in sensory memory include the salience of the stimuli (e.g., bright colors, loud noises). On the other hand, factors such as distraction or overstimulation can impede the transfer of information into the next stage.

2. Attention:
Attention is the process of selectively focusing on specific stimuli or aspects of the environment. It filters out irrelevant information and enhances the transfer of selected information into the next stage, short-term memory. Factors that enhance attention include novelty, personal relevance, and emotional significance. Conversely, factors like multitasking, fatigue, and distractions can impede attention, leading to less effective information transfer.

3. Short-Term Memory:
Short-term memory, or working memory, is a limited capacity memory system where information is temporarily held and actively processed. It can hold information for up to 20 seconds without rehearsal. Chunking, or grouping information into meaningful units, can enhance short-term memory capacity. Factors that impact information flow in short-term memory include time decay (gradual loss of information over time), interference from competing stimuli, and maintenance rehearsal (repeating information to keep it active in memory).

4. Encoding:
Encoding is the process of transforming information from short-term memory into a format suitable for storage in long-term memory. This involves giving meaning to the information and connecting it to existing knowledge. Meaningful and elaborative encoding strategies, such as creating associations or visual imagery, can enhance information flow into long-term memory. On the other hand, shallow encoding (e.g., rote memorization) or lack of attention during encoding can impede the encoding process.

5. Storage:
Storage is the maintenance of encoded information over time. This stage involves the transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory. Factors that enhance storage include repetition (repeatedly encountering or reviewing the information), meaningfulness (greater personal relevance or emotional significance), and organization (grouping related information together). Disruptions in storage can occur due to interference from new or similar information, as well as decay of memories over time without proper retrieval or rehearsal.

6. Retrieval:
Retrieval is the process of accessing information stored in long-term memory and bringing it back to consciousness. Factors that enhance retrieval include cues or reminders that match or relate to the stored information, as well as context-specific cues (e.g., being in the same environment where the information was encoded). Factors that impede retrieval include interference from similar memories, lack of retrieval cues, and retrieval failure due to weak or insufficient encoding.

In conclusion, the memory system involves a series of interconnected stages, each with its own features and factors that can enhance or impede information flow. By understanding these stages and the factors that affect them, individuals can employ strategies to optimize memory encoding, storage, and retrieval, leading to more efficient memory processes.