, list and explain two specific measurements sociologists utilize to calculate and/or analyze prejudice. Be specific as to the name of the methodology or theory; meaning do not use generic terms such as interviews, surveys, observations, or conversations. Do not use the IAT as one of your examples. Provide full references for the two methodologies you choose.
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Describe other measurements sociologists utilize to calculate prejudice.
Two specific measurements that sociologists utilize to calculate and analyze prejudice are the Bogardus Social Distance Scale and the Attitudes Toward Muslims Scale.
1. Bogardus Social Distance Scale: This measurement was developed by Emory Bogardus in 1925 and is used to assess attitudes of individuals toward different racial and ethnic groups. It measures social distance, which refers to the perceived emotional and behavioral distance between one group and another. The scale consists of a series of questions asking respondents to indicate their level of willingness to engage in various types of interactions with members of specific racial or ethnic groups. The responses help to gauge the level of prejudice or acceptance towards each group.
To calculate the Bogardus Social Distance Scale, individuals are provided with a set of statements, and they rate each statement on a scale indicating their agreement or disagreement. The responses are then numerically quantified, and an average score is calculated. Higher scores on the scale indicate greater levels of social distance and thus higher prejudice towards certain groups.
Reference:
Bogardus, E. S. (1925). Measuring Social Distance. The Journal of Applied Sociology, 9(3), 299-308.
2. Attitudes Toward Muslims Scale: This measurement is specifically designed to assess attitudes and prejudices towards Muslims. It allows sociologists to understand the extent to which individuals hold favorable or unfavorable attitudes toward this particular religious group. The scale considers both explicit and implicit biases, covering various dimensions of prejudice such as stereotypes, discrimination, and avoidance behaviors.
One example of the Attitudes Toward Muslims Scale is the questionnaire developed by Saucier and Miller (2003). It consists of a series of statements related to attitudes towards Muslims, and respondents are asked to rate their agreement or disagreement with each statement. The statements cover different aspects, including political, cultural, and religious factors that might influence attitudes towards Muslims. Scoring is typically done by assigning numerical values to the responses and calculating an overall average or sum score.
Reference:
Saucier, G., & Miller, C. T. (2003). Toward a Multidimensional View of Prejudice: The Attitudes Toward Muslims Scale. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33(2), 432-448.