Describe the production and processing of a protein that will be exported from a eukaryotic cell. Begin with the separation of the messenger RNA from the DNA template and end with the release of the protein at the plasma membrane.
-in essay format not points please-
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Production of Protein:
Protein Synthesis
1. transcription (could image as to photocopy a page named RNA of a book called DNA)
2. translation (read page named RNA and turn it into protein)
Transcription:
Creation of mRNA in a nucleus of a cell.
Done by enzyme RNA polymerase and ligase, copy the code of the DNA. Uracil is used in mRNA instead of Thymine in DNA
Remove introns from mRNA, and thus activate the mRNA to be mature.
Translation:
Ribosome:
60s subunit + 40s subunit make up 80s subunit (because of overlapping of the subunits)
three nucleotides make up one codon (codon is universal)
one codon codes for one amion acid
20 amino acid makes a protein
at least 60 nucletide, 20 codon
AUG is the start codon
1. Initiation- ribosome will associated with the mRNA, the codon will into the P paliment site; second codon move into A paliment site.
tRNA goes into the paliment site followed by a tRNA entering the A paliment site.
2. A peptide bond is created between the amino acids.
3.Elongation
The tRNA in the Palliment site leaves.
4. Termination
Continue until A palliment site reach a stoop codon.
mRNA recycled, and broken down
then;
Endoplasmic reticulum:
An elaborate series of membrane sacs (canals) that run from the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane; acts to transport newly sysnthesized material, may undergo further processing inside ER Lumen, and may be important to cell support; its internal space ie. the ER Lumen may account for 10% of the entire cytoplasmic volume.
Main Funtion: transport
The rought ER(not smooth ER) , + ribosomes which makes proteins (the rought ER does not make proteins) destined for secretion outside the cell
To the Golgi apparatus and out the cell
Title: The Journey of Protein Production and Export from a Eukaryotic Cell
Introduction:
Protein production and export are highly complex processes that play a fundamental role in the functioning of eukaryotic cells. In this essay, we will explore the step-by-step journey of a protein from the separation of messenger RNA (mRNA) from the DNA template to its release at the plasma membrane.
Step 1: Transcription:
The protein synthesis process begins with transcription, where the DNA template is used to produce mRNA. Within the nucleus, the enzyme RNA polymerase synthesizes a complementary mRNA sequence through base-pairing with the antisense DNA strand. This process involves the initiation, elongation, and termination phases. Once the mRNA is synthesized, it undergoes several modifications, including the addition of a protective cap at the 5' end and a poly-A tail at the 3' end.
Step 2: mRNA Processing and Nuclear Export:
Next, the mRNA undergoes additional processing steps within the nucleus to ensure its stability and functionality. This process, known as mRNA splicing, involves removing the non-coding regions called introns and joining the remaining coding regions, known as exons. The spliceosome, a complex of proteins and small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), catalyzes this process. Once splicing is complete, the mature mRNA is ready for export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores.
Step 3: Translation:
Upon reaching the cytoplasm, the mature mRNA can engage in translation, the process of protein synthesis. Ribosomes, composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins, bind to the mRNA in a process known as initiation. They recognize the specific start codon, usually AUG, and assemble the initiating complex. Then, the elongation phase begins, during which transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules carrying the appropriate amino acids bind to the ribosome, guided by the codon-anticodon recognition. The ribosome synthesizes the protein in a sequential manner, moving along the mRNA as it adds amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain. This continues until it reaches one of the stop codons, signaling termination.
Step 4: Post-Translational Modifications:
Following translation, the newly synthesized polypeptide may undergo various post-translational modifications to achieve its functional conformation. These modifications can include folding, disulfide bridge formation, phosphorylation, glycosylation, and more. These modifications are typically catalyzed by specific enzymes present in the cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, or other cellular compartments, depending on the protein's final destination and function.
Step 5: Protein Transport and Trafficking:
To reach its intended destination, the protein undergoes a series of transport and trafficking processes. Proteins targeted for export are often directed to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by a signal peptide located at their N-terminus. The signal recognition particle (SRP) recognizes this signal peptide, halting translation and facilitating the protein's translocation into the ER lumen. Once inside the ER, the protein may undergo further modifications and folding guided by chaperone proteins.
Step 6: Vesicular Transport and Secretion:
Proteins destined for the plasma membrane or extracellular space undergo vesicular transport. The Golgi apparatus receives proteins from the ER and further modifies them by adding various carbohydrate groups, phosphorylation, and other modifications. The Golgi apparatus then packages the proteins into vesicles, which bud off and transport the cargo towards the plasma membrane. Finally, these vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing the protein into the extracellular environment.
Conclusion:
The production and processing of a protein in a eukaryotic cell is a tightly regulated and intricate journey. Starting from the separation of mRNA from the DNA template, the process proceeds through transcription, mRNA processing and nuclear export, translation, post-translational modifications, protein transport, and ultimately, vesicular transport and secretion. This orchestrated series of events ensures that the protein reaches its intended destination, functioning correctly to carry out its vital role in cell physiology.
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Oh boy, it's protein production time! Get ready for a wild and wacky ride inside a eukaryotic cell. Buckle up, folks!
Our journey begins in the nucleus, where the DNA template is chilling out. It's like the boss of the cell, holding all the instructions for protein production. When the cell decides it's time to make a specific protein, a process called transcription kicks off. A special enzyme called RNA polymerase hops onto the DNA template and starts copying one of its strands. This newly formed molecule, called messenger RNA (mRNA), is an exact replica of a specific gene sequence that codes for our desired protein.
Now that we have our precious mRNA, it's time to head out of the nucleus and hit the road. But wait, there's a security check! The mRNA needs to undergo some modifications before leaving. Here comes a bunch of proteins, fancy ones called splicing factors, who'll trim out the unnecessary bits called introns and splice together the remaining exons. This process, known as RNA splicing, ensures that the final mRNA is only carrying the code for our protein.
Next stop, the cytoplasm! mRNA travels through a small gang of ribosomes, the protein-making machines of the cell. These ribosomes work in pairs, like a dynamic duo, with one on the mRNA's start codon and the other ready to join soon. As the ribosomes read the mRNA like a comic book, they recruit some amino acids based on the code, one by one, to create a polypeptide chain. It's like following a recipe, but with lego-like building blocks.
But hold on a minute! Every protein needs a bit of a makeover before it leaves the ribosome assembly line. A group of proteins, called chaperones, assist in folding the polypeptide chain into its specific 3D structure. It's like a protein fashion show, making sure our protein looks fabulous and functional.
And now, it's time for the grand finale. Our protein, all dressed up and ready to go, is escorted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This organelle is like the cell's shipping department. The ER is studded with tiny channels, called ribosomes, making it the rough ER. These ribosomes help our protein navigate through the ER, where it undergoes some further modifications and quality checks.
Once our protein has passed all the inspections and is looking fly, it's packaged into little transport vesicles. These vesicles travel along a secret pathway called the Golgi apparatus, like highways for delivering goods. Inside the Golgi, the protein may go through additional modifications and get tagged with special molecular zip codes for its final destination.
Finally, our protein is ready for delivery at the plasma membrane, the cell's front door. The transport vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing our protein into the outside world, much like a release party. From here, the protein can perform its designated functions and interact with other cells or even whole organisms.
And there you have it, the thrilling adventure of protein production and processing in a eukaryotic cell! It's a complex, comical, and downright fascinating journey. So next time you enjoy a protein-based snack, remember the wild ride it took to end up on your plate!
it leaves the nucleous into the rough endoplasmic reticulum into a vesicle into the golgi aparatus then out the cell
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