What are we required to do and why are we required to do it?
Define how the following theories attempt to provide an answer to the question above
Natural Law, Virtue Ethics, and Contract Theory
To answer the question of what we are required to do and why we are required to do it, we can explore three ethical theories: Natural Law, Virtue Ethics, and Contract Theory. These theories attempt to provide different perspectives on what drives our moral obligations and why we are obligated to act a certain way.
1. Natural Law Theory:
Natural Law Theory is based on the belief that there is an inherent moral order in the universe that governs human behavior. According to this theory, we are required to do certain things because they are in accordance with this natural moral order. Natural Law theorists argue that these moral principles are discoverable through human reason and observation of the natural world. The theory suggests that we have inherent inclinations and purposes as human beings, and by fulfilling these inherent purposes, we lead virtuous lives. For example, it might argue that we have a natural inclination to preserve life, and therefore we are required to avoid actions that harm others.
2. Virtue Ethics:
Virtue Ethics focuses on the development of moral character and emphasizes the importance of cultivating virtuous traits. According to this theory, we are required to do certain things because they promote the development of virtuous character within ourselves. Virtue theorists argue that by developing virtues such as honesty, compassion, and courage, we become better people and contribute to a harmonious society. Rather than focusing solely on specific rules or actions, Virtue Ethics emphasizes the development of good character as the foundation for moral behavior. Therefore, we are required to act in ways that align with virtuous traits because it leads to human flourishing and moral excellence.
3. Contract Theory:
Contract Theory, also known as Social Contract Theory, posits that moral obligations arise from agreements or contracts made between individuals or within society. According to this theory, we are required to do certain things because we have agreed to follow certain rules and norms in exchange for the benefits of living in a society. Contract theorists propose that moral obligations emerge from a hypothetical social contract where individuals mutually give up certain freedoms to live harmoniously with others. Violating these agreed-upon rules would break the social contract and undermine the stability of society. Therefore, we are required to fulfill our obligations as part of the social contract to maintain justice and societal order.
Overall, these ethical theories attempt to provide answers to the question of what we are required to do and why. Natural Law Theory suggests that we should align our actions with the inherent moral order of the universe. Virtue Ethics emphasizes the cultivation of virtuous character for moral behavior. Contract Theory highlights the importance of fulfilling obligations based on agreed-upon rules and norms within society. By exploring these theories, we can gain different insights into the foundations of moral obligations.