A research article included the following table:
Mean Score on Four Questionnarie Scales Before and After the Experimental Manipulation.
Questionnaire Before After Change
Dominance 18.42 16.31 -2.11
Independence 17.25 21.38 4.13**
Conformity 18.97 17.20 -1.77*
Nurturance 16.11 13.89 -2.22*
_________________________
* p<.05 **p<.01
Which of the following is most likely to be true given the information on this table? (Points :1)
The hypothesis testing probably used one-tailed test.
The various scales all probably had just about the same population variances
The t scores are all larger than the raw change scores.
The hypothesis testing probably used a t test for dependent means.
It is not a one-tailed test, because significance is found in both directions.
There is no data about variation or t scores given.
What is left?
Do you think that independence and conformity might be related (dependent)?
Do you think that dominance and nurturance might be related?
I hope this helps.
Based on the information provided in the table, the most likely true statement is:
"The hypothesis testing probably used a t test for dependent means."
Here's how to arrive at this conclusion:
1. The table presents the mean scores on four different questionnaire scales before and after an experimental manipulation. This suggests that the study is comparing the scores of the same participants before and after the manipulation.
2. The table also includes **p-values** denoted as "*p<.05" and "**p<.01." These p-values indicate the statistical significance of the differences between the before and after scores on each scale.
3. The use of p-values signifies that hypothesis testing was conducted to determine if the differences between the mean scores are statistically significant.
4. When comparing the mean scores before and after an experimental manipulation within the same group of participants, a **paired-sample t-test**, also known as a t-test for dependent means, is typically used. This type of t-test is used to compare means from the same group at two different time points or under two different conditions.
Therefore, based on the information provided, it is most likely that the hypothesis testing in this research article used a t-test for dependent means.