What social, political, and economic changes pulled the North and South secession? What was the final determining factor that led to Southern secession?What social and economic changes discussed in previous chapters fueled sectional conflict?

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The secession of the North and South in the United States was motivated by a combination of social, political, and economic changes. To understand these changes, we can first examine the causes of sectional conflict between the North and South.

1. Social changes: One of the major social changes that fueled sectional conflict was the issue of slavery. The North, with its focus on industrialization and urbanization, increasingly viewed slavery as morally wrong and sought to abolish it. In contrast, the South's economy heavily relied on slavery, as it was predominantly agrarian with a dependence on cotton plantations. This fundamental disagreement over the institution of slavery created a growing divide between the North and South.

2. Political changes: Political tensions arose between the North and South due to disagreements over the balance of power between free and slave states. The North, with its larger population and growing industrial base, wanted to prevent the expansion of slavery into new territories, while the South desired to protect and expand its institution of slavery. These disagreements led to political battles over issues such as the Missouri Compromise, the Compromise of 1850, and the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which further deepened the divide between the two regions.

3. Economic changes: Economic differences were also significant in driving the North and South towards secession. The North embraced industrialization, developing factories, railroads, and a market-oriented economy. The South, on the other hand, relied heavily on agriculture, specifically cotton production. This created contrasting economic systems and interests, as the Northern states were more inclined towards protective tariffs to support their industries, while the Southern states preferred free trade policies to protect their agricultural exports.

The final determining factor that led to Southern secession was the election of Abraham Lincoln as the President of the United States in 1860. Many Southern states felt threatened by Lincoln's anti-slavery stance and feared that he would limit or abolish the institution of slavery. As a result, one by one, Southern states began seceding from the Union, which eventually led to the formation of the Confederacy.

In summary, the social changes centered around the issue of slavery, political disputes over the balance of power, and economic differences between the North and South ignited sectional conflict. The election of Abraham Lincoln was the tipping point that prompted the Southern states to secede from the Union.