What are the meanings of the following literary terms:

1. Biological Criticism
2. Historical Criticism
3. Reader-Response Criticism
4. Formal Criticism
5. Gender Criticism
6. Marxist/Marxian Criticism
7. Psychological Criticism

You'll also find some good explanations if you go to Google's advanced search page -- http://www.google.com/advanced_search?q=%22biological+criticism%22&hl=en&lr= -- and enter each term in the 2nd box ("this exact wording or phrase"). For example, this is what I got when I entered BIOLOGICAL CRITICISM:

http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&as_q=&as_epq=biological+criticism&as_oq=&as_eq=&num=10&lr=&as_filetype=&ft=i&as_sitesearch=&as_qdr=all&as_rights=&as_occt=any&cr=&as_nlo=&as_nhi=&safe=images

Try it with all the terms you've been given.

1. Biological Criticism:

Biological criticism is a literary approach that focuses on analyzing and interpreting literary works through the lens of biology, particularly biological aspects of human nature. To understand the meaning of biological criticism, you can start by conducting an online search or referring to reliable literary criticism resources such as academic journals or literary theory textbooks. These sources discuss the main concepts, objectives, and methods associated with biological criticism, which will provide you with a better understanding of this literary term.

2. Historical Criticism:
Historical criticism is an approach to literary analysis that examines literary works within their historical and cultural contexts. To learn more about historical criticism, you can start by referring to literary theory sources such as books or scholarly articles that explain the principles and techniques of historical criticism. Additionally, you can search for specific examples or case studies of historical criticism applied to particular works of literature to gain a deeper understanding of its meaning and application.

3. Reader-Response Criticism:
Reader-response criticism is a literary theory that focuses on the reader's interpretation and response to a text, emphasizing the role of the reader in creating meaning. To understand reader-response criticism, you can begin by exploring reputable literary theory resources, like textbooks or scholarly articles, that discuss this approach. These sources will explain the key concepts and methodologies involved in reader-response criticism, providing insights into its meaning and application.

4. Formal Criticism:
Formal criticism, also known as New Criticism, is a literary approach that emphasizes close reading of the text and focuses on its form, structure, language, and literary devices. To grasp the meaning of formal criticism, you can start by reading foundational texts of the New Criticism movement, such as Cleanth Brooks' "The Well Wrought Urn" or John Crowe Ransom's "The New Criticism." These works outline the principles and techniques of formal criticism, allowing you to comprehend its significance and how it is applied to analyzing literature.

5. Gender Criticism:
Gender criticism is a literary theory that analyzes how gender, sexuality, and identity shape and influence the creation and interpretation of literary works. To understand gender criticism, you can begin by reading scholarly articles or books that discuss the main concepts and methodologies of this approach. Additionally, exploring case studies or examples of gender criticism applied to specific texts will provide practical insights into its meaning and application.

6. Marxist/Marxian Criticism:
Marxist/Marxian criticism is a literary approach that examines literature through the lens of Marxist theory, focusing on social and economic factors, class struggles, and power dynamics. To understand Marxist criticism, you can start by studying the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, particularly "The Communist Manifesto" and "Capital." These works provide the foundational theories upon which Marxist criticism is built. Additionally, reading literary criticism texts that explore the application of Marxist theory to literature will further enhance your understanding.

7. Psychological Criticism:
Psychological criticism is a literary approach that analyzes literary works by examining characters' motivations, desires, behaviors, and the psychological aspects depicted in the text. To grasp the meaning of psychological criticism, you can refer to literary theory sources that discuss this approach, such as books or academic journals. Exploring case studies or examples of psychological criticism applied to specific works of literature will also help you understand its significance and how it is practiced.