How do i design a controlled experiment using the vocabulary control,independent,and dependent variables, and the terms.. problem, Hypothesis, procedure, analyze data and conclusion?

These definitions might help you get started.

An independent variable is the potential stimulus or cause, usually directly manipulated by the experimenter, so it could also be called a manipulative variable.

A dependent variable is the response or measure of results.

Extraneous variables — other than the independent variable — potentially can affect the dependent variable, so they must be controlled. If possible, you try to keep them constant between the experimental and control group.

The experimental group receives the independent variable.

The control group is similar to experimental, except it does not receive the independent variable. Extraneous variables are balanced between experimental and control groups.

Types of experiments

1. Single blind gives the control group a placebo — a substance that is inert, it has no physical effect. Subjects don't know if they are in experimental or control group to reduce placebo effect, a change in behavior solely due to believing that you are getting the independent variable.

2. Double blind keeps both subjects and experimenter ignorant of group setup. Distribution of the independent variable and placebo are controlled by third party. This controls for experimenter bias and self-fulfilling prophecy, which means that experimenters with particular expectations are likely to consciously or unconsciously to bias the experiment and influence it to conform to their expectations.

As an example, suppose you want to find out if fluorides reduce dental cavities. You would find two groups, trying to control the extraneous variables. Extraneous variables are found by surveying previous research in the area. In this case, you would match the groups in terms of previous history of cavities, diet and dental hygiene habits including how and how often they brush their teeth.

The experimental group would get toothpaste with the independent variable, the fluoride, while the control group would not have the fluoride in their toothpaste. The toothpaste without the fluoride would be the placebo.

The dependent variable would be the number of cavities after participating in the experiment for a time. The dependent variable indicates the results, but it is not the results. At the end of the experiment, both groups could have no change in cavities or one of the groups could have a greater reduction in cavities. (Of course, if the fluoride increased cavities, you wouldn't want to use it.) All of these varied results would be indicated in terms of the dependent variable.

If only the subjects do not know who is getting the fluoride, it is a single blind experiment. If both the subjects and experimenter do not know, it is a double blind.

I hope this helps. Thanks for asking.

To design a controlled experiment, follow these steps:

1. Identify the problem: Clearly define the question or problem you want to investigate. For example, "Does drinking coffee affect heart rate?"

2. Formulate a hypothesis: State a clear hypothesis based on your understanding of the problem and any existing knowledge. A hypothesis is an educated guess that predicts the relationship between variables. For example, "If individuals consume coffee, then their heart rate will increase."

3. Define the variables:
- Independent variable: This is the variable that you manipulate or change intentionally. In this case, it would be the "amount of coffee consumed."
- Dependent variable: This is the variable that you measure or observe as a result of the independent variable. In this case, it would be the "heart rate."
- Control variables: These are the variables that you keep constant throughout the experiment to ensure that they do not affect the dependent variable. For example, you could control the "age, sex, and physical activity level" of the participants.

4. Develop a procedure: Create a step-by-step plan for conducting your experiment. Make sure it is detailed enough for someone else to follow and replicate the experiment. For example:
a. Select participants who meet the specified criteria.
b. Randomly assign participants into two groups: one group receives coffee, while the other group receives a placebo (fake coffee).
c. Measure and record participants' baseline heart rate.
d. Ask participants to consume the assigned beverage.
e. Measure and record participants' heart rate at regular intervals.
f. Repeat the procedure multiple times with different participants.

5. Analyze the data: Once you have collected the data, organize and analyze it to draw meaningful conclusions. Use appropriate statistical methods, such as calculating means, standard deviations, or conducting hypothesis tests, to analyze the data.

6. Draw conclusions: Review the results of your analysis and evaluate whether the data supports or rejects your hypothesis. Explain the implications of your findings and offer possible explanations. For example, "The results indicate that consuming coffee does lead to an increase in heart rate."

Remember, the key to a controlled experiment is to ensure that only the independent variable is being manipulated, while all other variables are controlled. This allows you to determine if there is a cause-and-effect relationship between the independent and dependent variable.