Describe the economic, political, societal, and religious conditions in Western Europe on
the eve of discovery (of the “new” world). What factors combined to make the 15th
century the time of discovery (and not earlier)?
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To describe the economic, political, societal, and religious conditions in Western Europe on the eve of discovery (of the "new" world) and understand why the 15th century became a time of exploration, it is necessary to consider a variety of factors. Some important factors include:
1. Economic Conditions: By the 15th century, Western Europe was experiencing economic growth and technological advancements. The Renaissance period was emphasizing knowledge and innovation, leading to new ideas and an interest in exploration. The desire for new trade routes, resources, and wealth motivated European nations to invest in maritime exploration.
2. Political Conditions: Western Europe consisted of competing nation-states, such as Portugal, Spain, England, and France, who were vying for power and dominance. These nations sought to expand their territories and wealth through exploration. The desire for political power and influence led to increased support for exploration.
3. Societal Conditions: Western Europe was experiencing population growth, urbanization, and technological advances, such as the invention of the printing press. These factors led to increased literacy and information sharing, which in turn encouraged curiosity and exploration. The expanding middle class also sought opportunities for trade and new markets.
4. Religious Conditions: Western Europe was predominantly Christian, and the Catholic Church held significant influence and power. The desire to spread Christianity to new lands and convert indigenous populations motivated explorers. The Crusades had also sparked an interest in discovering new territories and resources.
As for why the 15th century became a time of discovery rather than earlier, several factors contributed to this:
1. Technological Advances: The development of new navigational technologies, such as the compass, astrolabe, and improved shipbuilding techniques, made long-distance voyages more feasible. These advances were crucial in enabling exploration.
2. Accumulated Knowledge: Over time, European explorers gathered information from various sources, including Arab traders, about distant lands and their potential riches. This knowledge allowed for better planning and navigation during expeditions.
3. Stable Political Environment: By the 15th century, Western Europe experienced relative stability compared to previous centuries, particularly following the end of the Viking age and the reconquista in Spain. This stability allowed nations to divert resources towards exploration rather than internal conflicts.
4. Economic Incentives: With the growing mercantile class in Western Europe and increasing demand for exotic goods, there was a strong economic incentive to find new trade routes and expand markets. The potential for vast wealth fuelled exploration endeavors.
5. Competing Nations: The rivalry between European nations, particularly Portugal and Spain, increased the urgency and investment in exploration. Both nations sought to find alternative routes to Asia in order to bypass the dominant Venetian and Arab trade networks.
These factors combined to create a favorable environment for exploration and led to the "discovery" of the "new" world in the 15th century.