A lifeguard was staring at a ship in the distance, and watched the smokestack as the ship went out to sea. The lifeguard's eye level is 4 meters above sea level. If the height of the smoke stack above water is 30 meters and the radius of earth is about 6400km, how far off from the shore would the ship be when the lifeguard who loose sight of it.
how should I start this?
The following should provide you with sufficient clues as to how to solve your problem.
A question that often arises amongst cruise passengers is how high a building can be seen from a ship at sea? A similar reverse question is how far can one see from the top of a building? An easy way to rephrase the question is to ask what is the distance from the top of a skyscraper to the horizon? Lets see if we can create a picture of the problem.
Draw yourself as large a circle as possible on a sheet of paper. Label the center O. Draw a vertical line from O to point A on the upper circumference. Extend the line past the circumference slightly to point B. Draw another line from O, upward to the right at an angle of ~30º to the vertical line, and intersecting the circumference at point C, our horizon point. Label OA and OC as r, the radius of the Earth. Label AB as h, the height of our make believe building. Label BC as d, the distance from the top of the building to the horizon or a ship at sea. Angle OCB = 90º.
From the Pythagorean Theorem, we can write that d^2 + r^2 = (r + h)^2 = r^2 + 2rh + h^2.
Simplifying, we get d^2 = 2rh + h^2 or d = sqrt[h(2r + h)].
The mean radius of the Earth is 3963 miles which is 20,924,640 feet.
Therefore, our distance d becomes d = sqrt[h(41,849,280 + h)].
If we wish to determine how far we can see from a building 1000 feet high, we need only compute d = sqrt[1000(41,849,280 + 1000)] = 204,573 feet or 38.7448 miles, ~38.74 miles.
If we were interested in determining how high a building we could see from a distance at sea, we need only solve our expression above for h which must make use of the quadratic formula. Rearranging our expression to h^2 + 2rh - d^2 = 0, we find that h = [-2r+/-sqrt(4r^2 + 4d^2)]/2 which simplifies to h = sqrt(r^2 + d^2) - r. Using our distance of ~38.75 miles calculated above, we can now solve for h = sqrt(20,924,640^2 + (38.75(5280)) - 20,924,640 which turns out to be 1000 feet.
Our expression for d can actually be simplifed somewhat due to the insignificance of h relative to r. We can easily rewrite the expression as d = sqrt(2rh) and not lose any accuracy to speak of. Taking it a step further, and since it is convenient to use h in feet, we can write d = sqrt[2(3963)miles(h)miles] = sqrt[1.5h].
...........................................................5280 ft.
Using our 1000 foot high building again with the simplified expression, we get d = sqrt[1.5(1000)] = 38.7298 miles or ~38.73 miles, or approximately 79 feet difference.
Unfortunately, we cannot simplify the expression for h as r and d are significant numbers.
Therefore, to determine how far in miles we can see from a building of height h ft., we use d = sqrt[1.5h].
To determine the height of a building we can see from a distance d off shore, we use h = sqrt(r^2 + d^2) - r, r and d in feet.
A sampling of some values:
h in feet....6......10.......25.......100......1000......5000....10,000......29,000.......528,000(100miles)
d in miles.2.45.3.87....6.12....12.25....38.75......86.6.....122.5........208.5............890
d in miles.1........5.......10........25.........50.........75........100..........200.............1000
h in feet..2/3...16.66....66.66..416.66..1666.66...3750....6666.66..26,666.66......666,666(126.25miles)
The originally posed question of how high a building one can see from a ship at sea can make use of the same data. For example, if you were on a ship 25 feet above the water, you would be able to see 6.12 miles to the horizon and could possibly just see the tip of buildings 100 feet high, 12.25 miles on the other side of the horizon or one 1000 feet high, 38.75 miles on the other side of the horizon. In other words, since you are looking just over the horizon for the top of the building, any height and distance from the table would be possible as the data represents the distances of a building h feet high to the horizon.
Another way of posing the shipboard sighting scenario is how high a building can one see given the distance of the building from the ship. If the distance is less than the calculated distance from the ship to the horizon for the given height above the water, any height building can be seen. If the distance is greater than the ship to horizon distance, then the other appropriate values of the table apply.
To solve this problem, you can use the concept of the Earth's curvature and the heights involved. Here's how you can tackle it:
1. Draw a diagram: Visualize the scenario by sketching a diagram that represents the situation. Draw the Earth as a circle and label the relevant heights and distances.
2. Understand the problem: The lifeguard is looking at the ship as it moves away. However, at some point, the ship will go beyond the range of the lifeguard's line of sight.
3. Determine the lifeguard's line of sight: The lifeguard's line of sight is a tangent to the Earth's surface at the lifeguard's eye level. This creates a right triangle between the lifeguard's eye, the ship, and a point on the Earth's surface.
4. Apply Pythagoras' theorem: In this right triangle, the height of the smokestack can be considered the hypotenuse, the distance between the ship and the lifeguard can be considered one side, and the radius of the Earth plus the lifeguard's eye level can be considered the other side.
5. Set up the equation: Use Pythagoras' theorem to set up an equation that relates the three sides of the right triangle. Specifically, you have (distance between the ship and the lifeguard)^2 + (radius of Earth + lifeguard's eye level)^2 = (height of the smokestack)^2.
6. Solve the equation: Substitute the known values into the equation and solve for the unknown distance between the ship and the lifeguard.
7. Calculate the final answer: Once you have the distance, subtract the original distance of the ship from the shoreline to get the distance the ship would be when the lifeguard loses sight of it.
By following these steps, you should be able to solve the problem and determine how far off from the shore the ship would be when the lifeguard loses sight of it.