Hi, can you give me examples for Availability Bias which includes recent and vivid, Winner's Curse Hindsight Bias and Confirmation bias.Thx.
yee fong, Maggie, Ray, or whoever --
You may have to search and research, but once you learn some good sources and methods, you should have success. In addition to searching on the Internet, you also need to make best friends with the reference librarian(s) in your local or college library. Libraries these days subscribe to enormous research databases, and they are often more useful than Internet searches. Ask your librarian if you have access to EBSCOHost -- it has several databases within it, including at least three for health sciences, one for military and government, one huge one for academic research, and others.
For Internet searching:
http://hanlib.sou.edu/searchtools/
At this webpage, you can go immediately to the search sites (first three columns across the top) -- or even better you can scroll down until you see the section called HOW TO SEARCH THE INTERNET. Those are the links to start with. You'll not only learn how to come up with good search terms, but also how to evaluate the webpages you get as results. Some will be good and others will be garbage. You need to know how to tell the difference.
My favorite way to search is to go to Google's advanced search page http://www.google.com/advanced_search?hl=en and put my search words or phrases into the first or second search box (either "all the words" or "exact phrase"). Another is to start out at http://scholar.google.com. However, there many other strategies for searching you can use, and the HOW TO SEARCH THE INTERNET section will help you best.
Learning to use Google or other search engines can save you time and help you learn to find information efficiently. Here are some websites that can teach you how:
http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/TeachingLib/Guides/Internet/FindInfo.html
http://hanlib.sou.edu/searchtools/searchtips.html
http://www.pandia.com/goalgetter/index.html
http://websearch.about.com/mbody.htm?once=true&COB=home&PM=112_100_T
... and one to help you judge whether a particular website's information is worth your time:
http://hanlib.sou.edu/searchtools/evaluate.html
Happy searching.
=)
Certainly! Let's start with Availability Bias.
Availability Bias:
Availability Bias refers to our tendency to rely on easily accessible information when making judgments or decisions, rather than considering all available information objectively. Here are a few examples:
1. Recent events: Suppose you are asked to assess the safety of flying after hearing news of a plane crash. You might let the recent event influence your judgment and overestimate the probability of such accidents, even though statistically, flying is safer than other modes of transportation.
2. Vivid examples: If you frequently see news reports or movies depicting shark attacks, you might develop a fear of swimming in the ocean, despite the extremely low likelihood of being attacked by a shark.
Moving on to Winner's Curse:
Winner's Curse:
The Winner's Curse refers to the phenomenon where the winner of an auction or competitive bidding process tends to overpay and receive less value than anticipated. Here's an example:
Imagine you are participating in an auction to buy a rare collectible item. If you win the auction, it's likely because you placed the highest bid. However, if you end up paying significantly more than the item's actual value, you have fallen victim to the Winner's Curse.
Now, let's discuss Hindsight Bias:
Hindsight Bias:
Hindsight Bias refers to our tendency to believe that an event was predictable or that we would have predicted it accurately after it has occurred. Here's an example:
Suppose you are watching a sports game, and one team makes a surprising, unconventional play that turns out to be successful. After the play, you might say, "Oh, I knew that was going to work!" This biased perception occurs because our knowledge of the outcome influences our belief about its predictability.
Lastly, let's talk about Confirmation Bias:
Confirmation Bias:
Confirmation Bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, and favor information that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses. Here's an example:
Suppose you have a strong belief that a particular health supplement provides significant benefits. When researching the supplement, you might selectively focus on and remember studies that support your belief while overlooking or downplaying contradictory evidence.
Remember, being aware of these biases is the first step in mitigating their impact on our judgments and decisions.