1. List the steps of the Krebs cycle and the products it creates.
2. When is carbon dioxide released during cellular respiration?
3. How many glucose molecules can undergo cellular respiration when 13
O2 molecules are available to react?
4. How can ATP be used to lower the body temp?(give a specific example)
5. How is photosynthesis related to changes in the amount of atmospheric
carbon dioxide?
6. What would be some environmental challenges in different parts of the
world (i.e. rainforest, desert, etc.) that would impact a plant’s
photosynthetic processes?
7. Describe the relationship between a glucose molecule and the products
it makes during cellular respiration.
8. Explain how the amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide inhaled by the
lungs is different from the amounts exhaled (keep in mind the law of
conservation of matter and cellular respiration).
9. How do certain animals control their body temperatures using body
positioning?
1. The steps of the Krebs cycle are as follows:
a. Pyruvate from glycolysis is converted into acetyl-CoA, producing NADH and releasing carbon dioxide.
b. Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate.
c. Citrate is converted into a series of intermediate molecules, releasing carbon dioxide and producing ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
d. The last intermediate molecule is converted back into oxaloacetate, producing NADH and ATP.
2. Carbon dioxide is released during cellular respiration in the following steps:
a. During the transition reaction, as pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA.
b. During the Krebs cycle, as citrate is converted into intermediate molecules.
c. During the electron transport chain, as NADH and FADH2 donate electrons and hydrogen ions, which are used to create water molecules, releasing carbon dioxide.
3. In cellular respiration, one molecule of glucose can produce six molecules of carbon dioxide. Therefore, if 13 molecules of O2 are available, six molecules of glucose can undergo cellular respiration.
4. ATP cannot directly lower body temperature, as it is primarily an energy-storing molecule. Lowering body temperature is typically achieved through processes like sweating or vasodilation (expansion of blood vessels), which aid in heat dissipation. An example would be when excess ATP is used to power the muscle contractions involved in shivering, which generates heat to increase body temperature.
5. Photosynthesis utilizes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to produce glucose and oxygen. During this process, carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere decrease as it is used by plants. Conversely, the process of cellular respiration in plants and animals releases carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere, increasing its levels.
6. Environmental challenges that can impact a plant's photosynthetic processes vary depending on the ecosystem:
a. In a rainforest, competition for sunlight among taller trees can limit the amount of light available for photosynthesis for plants in the understory.
b. In a desert, plants face challenges like water scarcity and intense heat, which can limit their ability to undergo photosynthesis and retain moisture.
c. In an aquatic environment, plants may lack access to sufficient carbon dioxide due to its limited solubility in water, hindering their photosynthetic processes.
7. During cellular respiration, a glucose molecule is broken down to produce several products, including carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP. Glucose is oxidized, releasing electrons, which are carried by electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) to the electron transport chain. This process ultimately generates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
8. The amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide inhaled and exhaled by the lungs are different due to the processes of respiration and cellular respiration. Oxygen is inhaled to support the body's metabolic functions and cellular respiration, where it is used as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. Carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product during cellular respiration and is exhaled to remove it from the body. This exchange helps maintain appropriate oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, ensuring the continuity of cellular respiration and the body's energy supply.
9. Some animals control their body temperatures through body positioning, a behavior known as thermoregulation:
a. Basking in the sun: Animals like reptiles position themselves to absorb solar radiation, which helps raise their body temperatures.
b. Seeking shade or burrowing: Animals can position themselves in cooler, shaded areas or burrow underground to escape excessive heat and reduce body temperature.
c. Fluffing feathers or fur: Some birds and mammals can adjust the position of their feathers or fur to trap air and create an insulating layer, helping regulate body temperature.
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