For v=<2,-2sqrt(3)>, why do you do 360 + (-60) to get the directional angle = 300 degrees.

I did arctan = -2sqrt(3)/2 = -60 degrees. The vector is 4.

I don't understand the CAST rule.

it was x = 2 , y = -2 sqrt 3 , yes -60 magnitude 4

HOWEVER:
Unlike navigators who measure clockwise from the + y axis (North), mathematicians measure counterclockwise from the x axis (East)
so you start from the x axis, go 90 to y axis, another 90 to -x axis, another 90 to -y axis
and then finally 30 up toward x axis
so we went
90 + 90 + 90 + 30 = 270 + 30 = 300 degrees