What’s the difference between homologous and analogous structures? How do I specify which is which

I haven't ever studied this yet, but here are some links, I really hope they help:

www.ck12.org/book/cbse_biology_book_class_xii/section/9.9/

Read it closely :)

Homologous and analogous structures refer to different types of anatomical features in organisms.

Homologous structures are structures that have a common origin or evolutionary history. They share a similar anatomical basis and may perform different functions in different organisms. For example, the forelimbs of humans, bats, whales, and cats have the same set of bones, but they are adapted for different functions. To specify a homologous structure, you can look for similarities in the overall structure, organization, and developmental origin of the features.

Analogous structures, on the other hand, are structures that have a similar function but do not share a common evolutionary origin. They evolved independently in different groups of organisms to solve similar problems or perform similar tasks. For example, the wings of bats and birds have similar functions of flight, but they have different underlying anatomical structures. To specify an analogous structure, you can focus on the similarities in function and ecological context, while recognizing that the structures have different evolutionary origins.

To determine whether a structure is homologous or analogous, you can use a combination of approaches. Comparative anatomy, embryology, and molecular biology can provide insights into the evolutionary relationships and common ancestry of organisms. By examining shared anatomical features, genetic similarities, and developmental patterns, you can make informed judgments about whether a structure is homologous or analogous. Additionally, studying the evolutionary history and phylogenetic relationships of the organisms in question can provide valuable clues to distinguish between the two.