What was the inspiration for the Doric order as described in the Ten Books of Architecture?
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The Ten Books of Architecture, written by the Roman architect Vitruvius, is an extensive treatise on the principles and practice of architecture. In Book IV of this work, Vitruvius describes the three orders of classical architecture: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. The inspiration for the Doric order, like the other orders, can be traced back to ancient Greek architecture.
To delve into the inspiration for the Doric order as described by Vitruvius, it is important to understand the cultural and historical context of ancient Greece. The roots of the Doric order can be traced back to the mainland Greek culture of the Archaic period (800-600 BCE). The Greeks initially drew inspiration from the earlier civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia but then developed their distinct architectural style.
The Doric order, characterized by its sturdy proportions and simplicity, was inspired by Greek temples in the Archaic period. These temples often featured a rectangular floor plan, with a colonnade of columns surrounding the central chamber. The columns consisted of a circular shaft, with no base, resting directly on the stylobate (the foundation of the structure). The capitals (the topmost part of the column) were designed with a plain, cushion-like shape, known as the echinus. Above the columns, a horizontal beam called the architrave supported the triangular pediment, which often showcased intricate sculptural decoration.
The inspiration for the Doric order, as described in the Ten Books of Architecture, can be uncovered by studying surviving examples of ancient Greek architecture, such as the Temple of Hera in Olympia or the Temple of Hephaestus in Athens. Additionally, examining ancient Greek texts and archaeological evidence can provide valuable insights into the design principles and construction techniques of the time.
Therefore, to fully understand the inspiration behind the Doric order, it is useful to explore the cultural and historical context of ancient Greece, study surviving examples of Greek architecture, and consult the writings of Vitruvius and other ancient sources.