Question

How large is the current U.S. depth and the trade deficit in exponential notation?

Answer 1

depth or national debt?

The first thing you need to do is find the numbers.

For the debt, see http://www.brillig.com/debt_clock/

For the trade deficit, see the monthly and year-to-date numbers at
http://www.americaneconomicalert.org/ticker_home.asp

They may want you to add up the last 12 months for the annual trade deficit.

The convert to scientific (exponential) notation. I assume you know how to do that