What factors could produce more damage and/or deaths from a “weaker” or lower category storm?
Do you mean tropical storms and hurricanes?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_scale
That scale primarily measures wind speeds, but Hurricane Harvey spread lots of rain/flooding damage and deaths even though it wasn't a wind event after striking shore near Corpus Christi, TX, curving around, wandering around in the Gulf and over SE Texas -- just meandering along, dumping rain everywhere.
I'm sure one of our science tutors will have more specific ideas for you, but the differences among Hurricanes Katrina, Ike, and Harvey were stunning to me.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ike
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey
To determine factors that could produce more damage and/or deaths from a "weaker" or lower category storm, we need to understand the characteristics of storms and how they can impact different areas.
1. Population density: Areas with higher population density are more susceptible to greater damage and deaths, even from weaker storms. The larger number of people and infrastructure in densely populated areas increase the potential for harm.
2. Vulnerable infrastructure: The quality and resilience of infrastructure can greatly affect the impact of a storm. Weaker storms can cause significant damage or loss of life if infrastructure is not well-built to withstand even lower levels of wind or rain.
3. Topography: The geographical features and elevation of an area can influence the impact of a storm. For example, areas with mountains, hills, or steep slopes can experience amplified wind speeds and higher potential for landslides or flash floods.
4. Storm surge: Even weaker storms can generate storm surge, which is a rise in sea level caused by strong winds and low atmospheric pressure. Coastal areas without proper flood protection systems are particularly vulnerable to storm surge, which can cause extensive damage and loss of life.
5. Timing and preparedness: The timing of a storm and the level of preparedness in a community can greatly influence the outcome. If a weaker storm strikes during a time of high vulnerability, such as at night or during a large gathering, the potential for damage and deaths can increase.
6. Previous damage: If an area has already been impacted by a previous storm or natural disaster, its vulnerability to damage and danger may be increased. Weaker subsequent storms can exploit the weakened condition of structures or exacerbate existing damage.
To assess the potential damage and deaths from a weaker storm, it is crucial to consider these factors. Additionally, reliable weather forecasts, emergency response plans, and effective communication can help communities prepare and respond appropriately, mitigating the potential impact of storms.