Describe the difference between PM2.5 and PM10. Include an explanation as why PM2.5 is more dangerous. (3-4 sentences).
ii. Explain why O3, also called ground level ozone, is a problem. (2-3 sentences).
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i. Air quality index values are typically divided into levels. In May 2018, Sydney had at least 11 days when the air quality was rated as ‘poor’ and 6 days with a level of ‘hazardous’ (Ives 2018).
What does an AQI 151 - 200 indicate? Include information on the recommendations that would be made to people living in the area with this AQI. (100 words).
b. What sections of a population are most at risk from air pollution?
c. Describe the main causes of air pollution in Australia (150 words).
(2-3 sentences).
d. The health effects of air pollution come with a significant economic cost. The following table gives the welfare cost of air pollution damage by region, as a percentage of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Note that GDP is a measure of the value of a country’s economy.
PM2.5 refers to particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or smaller, while PM10 refers to particulate matter with a diameter of 10 micrometers or smaller. The main difference between them is their size, with PM2.5 particles being smaller and more fine than PM10 particles. PM2.5 is considered more dangerous because its smaller size allows it to penetrate deeper into the respiratory system and enter the bloodstream, causing various health issues such as respiratory and cardiovascular problems.
O3, or ground level ozone, is a problem because it is a highly reactive gas that can cause irritation and inflammation in the respiratory system. It is formed when nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds react in the presence of sunlight. High levels of O3 can lead to respiratory problems, especially for individuals with asthma or other respiratory conditions.
An AQI level of 151-200 indicates that the air quality is considered "unhealthy" for sensitive groups. Sensitive groups include children, older adults, and people with heart or lung diseases. Recommendations for people living in the area with this AQI may include reducing prolonged or heavy exertion outdoors, wearing masks or other protective gear, and keeping indoor air clean by closing windows and using air purifiers.
The sections of the population most at risk from air pollution are children, older adults, individuals with pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular conditions, and people with low socio-economic status.
The main causes of air pollution in Australia include vehicle emissions, industrial activities, agricultural practices, and natural sources such as bushfires and dust storms. Vehicle emissions, particularly from diesel engines, are a major contributor to air pollution in urban areas. Industrial activities release pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Agricultural practices, such as burning of crop residues, can release pollutants into the air. Natural events like bushfires and dust storms also contribute to air pollution.