Select one civilization you learned about during the semester. Write an essay in which you explain how the structure and nature of government in that civilization a) developed, b) responded to needs within society, and c) succeeded or failed. Be sure to provide evidence and examples to support your ideas. Also, make sure that you define what you consider to be a measure of success or failure.

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To write an essay on the structure and nature of government in a specific civilization, it is crucial to select a particular civilization you have studied during the semester. For the purpose of this response, let's consider the Ancient Egyptian civilization. To explain how the government in Ancient Egypt developed, responded to societal needs, and succeeded or failed, we will need to gather and present relevant evidence and examples.

Firstly, it is important to note that Ancient Egyptian governance underwent various transformations over the course of its long history. In the Early Dynastic Period, a centralized monarchy emerged under the pharaoh, who was not only a political leader but also considered a divine authority. The pharaoh's rule was essential in uniting Upper and Lower Egypt into a single state. Their power was reinforced by a highly bureaucratic system of government, with officials and viziers appointed to manage different administrative responsibilities.

As Egyptian society expanded and became more complex, changes were required to meet the evolving needs of the population. One significant response was the development of a regional hierarchy, with the country divided into administrative divisions known as nomes. Each nome was led by a governor, responsible for maintaining law and order, overseeing economic activities, and coordinating with the central government.

Furthermore, the societal need for justice and stability was addressed through the implementation of a well-defined legal system. The "Ma'at," a fundamental concept in Egyptian society, represented harmony, truth, and justice. The pharaoh, as the embodiment of Ma'at, was responsible for upholding this balance and ensuring a just society. Additionally, courts and judges were established to settle disputes and maintain order throughout the kingdom.

The success or failure of Ancient Egyptian governance can be measured by its ability to maintain social order, political stability, and economic prosperity. Throughout much of its history, the Egyptian state demonstrated remarkable longevity and achieved significant cultural, political, and architectural accomplishments. These achievements include the construction of massive monuments such as the pyramids, the establishment of long-lasting diplomatic relationships with neighboring states, and the development of complex irrigation systems to support agricultural production.

However, it is important to note that not all aspects of Ancient Egyptian governance were successful. In the later periods of Egyptian history, the centralized authority of the pharaoh weakened, and the country witnessed periods of foreign invasions, internal conflicts, and partial loss of control over certain regions. The Ptolemaic period, in particular, marked a decline in indigenous Egyptian rule as the country came under the influence of foreign powers, leading to a loss of independence.

In conclusion, the structure and nature of government in Ancient Egypt developed through a centralized monarchy and a bureaucratic system. It responded to societal needs by establishing regional hierarchies, implementing a legal system, and aiming to maintain social order through the concept of Ma'at. The success or failure of Ancient Egyptian governance can be measured by its ability to achieve and maintain societal order, political stability, economic prosperity, and independence. While the Egyptian civilization experienced remarkable successes throughout its long history, it also faced challenges and ultimately declined in certain periods.

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