How are intermolecular forces different from the forces that bond atoms together into molecules? How are they similar?
Intermolecular forces:
- Between different molecules of the same substance
- London Forces, Dipole-Dipole Interactions, Hydrogen Bonds
- Do not involve any sharing of electrons between atoms
Intramolecular forces:
- Between different atoms in the same molecule
- Covalent/Ionic bonds which involve the sharing or donation of electrons between atoms
Arora mostly has it on target. In general, the intermolecular forces are weaker than the intramolecular forces that bond atoms together.
Intermolecular forces refer to the forces of attraction between molecules, whereas the forces that bond atoms together into molecules are known as intramolecular forces or chemical bonds. While these forces are distinct, they share similarities and differences.
Differences:
1. Scale: Intermolecular forces act on a larger scale, involving interactions between entire molecules. In contrast, intramolecular forces operate at a smaller scale, within the molecule, holding atoms together.
2. Strength: Generally, intramolecular forces (chemical bonds) are stronger than intermolecular forces. Intramolecular forces require significant energy to break, while intermolecular forces are weaker and can be easily overcome.
3. Nature: Intermolecular forces are typically electrostatic in nature, arising from the interaction of charges (dipole-dipole forces), temporary charges (London dispersion forces), or charges derived from hydrogen (hydrogen bonding). In contrast, intramolecular forces include covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and metallic bonds.
Similarities:
1. Both types of forces involve the attraction between atoms or molecules. The attractive forces can affect the physical properties of substances such as boiling point, melting point, and solubility.
2. Both intramolecular and intermolecular forces can be explained by the concept of electrostatic interactions, involving the attraction of opposite charges and repulsion of like charges.
To answer questions about the differences and similarities between these forces, one can study the concepts of intermolecular forces and chemical bonds in chemistry textbooks, or through online educational platforms. Understanding the nature of these forces and their impact on the behavior of substances will provide more clarity on how they differ and relate to each other.