. Evaluate the following statement: “Religious conflicts in the early modern period were replaced by nationalistic ones in the modern period.” Discuss and analyze the accuracy of this statement with reference to at least two conflicts in both time periods.If you agree with this statement, what can account for the change in emphasis and concern between these two time periods in Western history?

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analyzing the statement of "religious conflicts in the early modern period were replaced by nationalistic ones in the modern period". Thank you!

https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/christianity-and-religious-freedom-in-the-early-modern-period-1454-1750

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To evaluate the accuracy of the statement "Religious conflicts in the early modern period were replaced by nationalistic ones in the modern period," we need to assess the historical context and examine notable conflicts in both time periods. Let's consider two conflicts from each period:

1. Early Modern Period:
a) The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648): This war primarily originated from religious tensions between Protestant and Catholic factions in Europe. It involved multiple countries and devastated the region, resulting in the loss of millions of lives. Religious differences and the struggle for power were the main driving forces behind this conflict.

b) The Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639-1653): This conflict encompassed the English Civil War, Scottish Wars of Covenant, and Irish Confederate Wars. Initially, religious differences played a significant role, with Protestant factions opposing King Charles I's attempts to impose more centralized religious control in England. However, political and ideological differences, as well as power struggles between monarchy and parliament, also became major factors.

2. Modern Period:
a) World War I (1914-1918): Nationalism was a significant underlying cause of World War I, with nations competing for supremacy and seeking to protect their own interests. While religious differences did not play a primary role as in previous conflicts, they were present to some extent, particularly in the Balkan region.

b) World War II (1939-1945): Nationalism, ethnic ideologies, and the pursuit of territorial aggrandizement were key factors in World War II. Religious differences were largely overshadowed by these nationalist aspirations, primarily driven by fascist regimes aiming for territorial expansion and hegemony.

Analyzing the accuracy of the statement, it is evident that religious conflicts still existed in the modern period, although they were not predominant compared to the early modern period. Nationalistic conflicts took center stage, fueled by factors such as competition for resources, political ideologies, and desire for self-determination. However, it is important to note that religious differences continued to influence conflicts to some extent, highlighting the complexity of historical dynamics.

The change in emphasis and concern from religious conflicts to nationalistic ones can be attributed to several factors:
1. The Enlightenment: The intellectual movement of the Enlightenment led to the rise of secularism and rationalism, reducing the influence of religious authority and shifting the focus to ideologies rooted in nationalism and individual freedoms.
2. Emergence of Nation-States: The early modern period witnessed the consolidation of nation-states, where rulers and monarchs sought to unify their territories under a shared cultural or ethnic identity. This shift in political organization gave rise to nationalist sentiments.
3. Industrial Revolution: The Industrial Revolution brought significant social and economic changes, creating new sources of wealth and power. This fueled competition between nation-states for resources, leading to conflicts driven by nationalism and territorial ambition.
4. Colonization and Decolonization: The expansion of European powers through colonization, followed by the decolonization movements in the 19th and 20th centuries, shaped the modern international order. These endeavors often revolved around national self-determination and independence rather than religious motivations.

In conclusion, the statement that "Religious conflicts in the early modern period were replaced by nationalistic ones in the modern period" is partially accurate. While religious conflicts persisted to some extent, nationalism gained prominence as the primary driver of conflicts in the modern period, influenced by factors such as Enlightenment ideals, the emergence of nation-states, industrialization, and the changing international landscape.