Functionalists, including Durkheim, argue that deviance can increase social stability in which of the following ways:

a. by clarifying society's norms
b. by creating social cohesion
c. by affirming the collective identity of the group when deviants are punished
d. all of the above

Pls help

To determine the correct answer to this question, we need to understand the perspective of functionalists, such as Durkheim, on deviance and social stability.

Functionalists view society as a complex system made up of different parts that work together to maintain social order and stability. According to them, deviance is a normal and necessary feature of society because it performs important functions. Let's analyze each option:

a. "By clarifying society's norms" - According to functionalists, when deviance occurs, it draws attention to the boundaries and expectations set by society's norms. For example, when someone breaks a law, it reinforces the understanding of what is acceptable behavior, which contributes to social stability.

b. "By creating social cohesion" - Functionalists argue that when a deviant act or behavior is identified and condemned by society, it can actually strengthen social cohesion. The collective negative response to deviance can bring people together, reinforcing their shared values and sense of belonging.

c. "By affirming the collective identity of the group when deviants are punished" - When society punishes deviants, it serves to reaffirm the collective identity and moral boundaries of the group. By publicly condemning deviant behavior and imposing sanctions, society reinforces its norms, which contributes to social stability.

d. "All of the above" - Based on the analysis of options a, b, and c, it is evident that functionalists assert that deviance can increase social stability through all of these ways. Therefore, the correct answer is "d. all of the above."

In conclusion, functionalists, including Durkheim, argue that deviance can enhance social stability by clarifying society's norms, creating social cohesion, and affirming the collective identity of the group when deviants are punished.