Which policies or events since 1990 have sought to reduce the racial inequality in public school education, and with what effect?
I can only think of No Child Left Behind, which had a limited effect. But I don't know why it had a limited effect and I can't think of any other policies?
No Child Left Behind had many flaws.
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=124209100
https://www.google.com/search?source=hp&ei=WAf9WeSOJo6wjwOXiZnYAQ&q=racial+inequality+in+public+school+education&oq=racial+inequality+in+public+school+education&gs_l=psy-ab.3..33i22i29i30k1l2.4239.4239.0.5775.1.1.0.0.0.0.231.231.2-1.1.0....0...1.1.64.psy-ab..0.1.230....0.sNZy2NCumIQ
Thank you. Has the government passed any other legislation or policies intended to curb inequality in schools? I was thinking maybe the Fair Housing Act, but that was at most an indirect policy.
The Fair Housing Act certainly helps.
It's a slow process as my nephew Wayne Woolley has found in Red Bank, NJ. He and others are leading a movement to prevent the establishment of a charter school. I think that's where we'll see progress as each school district produces its own citizens to lead the way toward more integration.
Note that the so-called Fair Housing Act is actually Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 - long before 1990.
To identify policies or events since 1990 that aimed to reduce racial inequality in public school education, we can start by conducting research and examining historical context. One effective approach is to use a combination of online resources, academic papers, government publications, and news articles. Here's how you can carry out this research process:
1. Start with an overview: Begin by consulting authoritative sources like government websites or educational organizations to get a general understanding of policies and events related to racial inequality in public school education since 1990. For example, the U.S. Department of Education or educational research centers can provide background information.
2. Targeted internet search: Utilize search engines like Google, Bing, or academic databases such as JSTOR or ProQuest to find specific policies or events related to your topic. Use relevant keywords like "policies to reduce racial inequality in public schools," "education initiatives since 1990," or "impact of educational reforms on racial disparity."
3. Analyze legislation and laws: Review specific U.S. federal laws, acts, or policies related to education. In addition to No Child Left Behind (NCLB), which was introduced in 2001, explore other significant initiatives like the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) reauthorization in 1994, which introduced Title I grants for disadvantaged students, or the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) in 2015.
4. Review academic studies and reports: Look for scholarly articles, research papers, and reports published by educational researchers, policy institutions, or think tanks. These sources often provide comprehensive analyses of educational policies and their effects on racial disparities in public schools.
5. Consider landmark court cases: Examine court cases related to educational equity, such as the Supreme Court ruling on Grutter v. Bollinger (2003), which upheld affirmative action in higher education, or Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which had a long-lasting impact on desegregation efforts.
6. Local and state-level initiatives: Keep in mind that education policies are also shaped at the state and local levels. Explore state-specific legislation or programs that were introduced as efforts to reduce racial disparities in public schools.
As for the effectiveness of specific policies, assessing their impact on racial inequality in public school education is complex and varies from policy to policy. It may be helpful to review studies, reports, and analyses conducted by experts and educational researchers regarding the outcomes and limitations of these policies. Such sources often provide insights into the success or challenges faced by the initiatives.
Remember, the nature of policies and their impact on racial inequality can be controversial and subject to ongoing debate, so it is essential to consider a wide range of perspectives and examine multiple sources to form an informed opinion.