Explain the chromosomal differences between males and females?

https://sciencing.com/differences-male-female-chromosomes-8146227.html

remember this applies to HUMANS, not to all other birds, bees, bugs, and etc.

The chromosomal differences between males and females are primarily determined by the presence or absence of the Y chromosome.

Typically, humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes. Two of these pairs are known as sex chromosomes, designated as X and Y. Females have two X chromosomes (XX), while males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome (XY).

During reproduction, when an egg cell (containing a single X chromosome) is fertilized by a sperm cell (carrying either an X or Y chromosome), the resulting combination of chromosomes determines the sex of the offspring. If a sperm carrying an X chromosome fertilizes the egg, the resulting zygote will have two X chromosomes and develop into a female. On the other hand, if a sperm carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes the egg, the resulting zygote will have one X and one Y chromosome and develop into a male.

The presence of the Y chromosome in males plays a crucial role in the development of male sexual characteristics. The Y chromosome contains genes responsible for the development of testes, which produce testosterone and other hormones that guide the development of male reproductive organs and secondary sexual characteristics like facial hair and a deeper voice.

It is important to note that while the presence of the Y chromosome is associated with male characteristics, it does not solely determine one's gender identity. Gender identity is a complex concept influenced by a combination of biological, genetic, and environmental factors, and does not solely rely on chromosomal differences.