For each of the scenarios described below (#1-3), identify:
a. Study design
b. Exposure/Risk factor
c. Outcome
d. Main advantage or strength of this study design
e. The measure of association in this study design
1. In a group of 763 middle age men who resided in Zutphne, The Netherlands, those who rarely or never ate fish had a higher rate of mortality from coronary heart disease during 20 years of follow-up than those who usually ate fish one or more times each week.
2. A study was carried out in Santo Antonio de Jesus, a town in Bahia State, northeast Brazil, to determine the relationship between various biological, socioeconomic, behavioral, and geographical factors and the prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma mansoni infection. The study targeted children born in 1970-1971. The overall prevalence of S. mansoni infection was 31.0%. Several variables reflected different aspects of the population's way of life were strongly associated with the prevalence and the intensity of infection.
3. Between 1963 and 1966 a total of 5,356 subjects, randomized to receive BCG or saline inoculations, were examined for leprosy before the vaccination and surveillance was continued until 1979. BCG afforded 48% protection against clinical leprosy, being most effective against borderline tuberculoid leprosy and in children vaccinated when under 15 years old. Protection was evident within 12 months in those vaccinated between the ages of 10 and 15 years but was delayed in other age groups. There was evidence for accelerated manifestations of tuberculoid leprosy in children vaccinated when under 5 years of age. Tuberculin sensitivity was more likely to be sustained following multiple BCG inoculations; vaccines with sustained tuberculin sensitivity had the lowest incidence of leprosy, but protection was also evident in tuberculin negative vaccines. These results may have implications for ongoing trials of leprosy vaccine incorporating BCG.
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for each of the scenarios described below (#1-3), identify:
a. Study design - Is an analytic approach to conduct an epidemiological investigation, such as a clinical trial.
b. Exposure/Risk factor - The proportion of an asset's value that is likely to be destroyed by a particular risk, expressed as a percentage.
c. Outcome - A specific result or effect that can be measured. Examples of outcomes include decreased pain, reduced tumor size, and improvement of disease.
d. Main advantage or strength of this study design –
e. The measure of association in this study design
1. In a group of 763 middle age men who resided in Zutphne, The Netherlands, those who rarely or never ate fish had a higher rate of mortality from coronary heart disease during 20 years of follow-up than those who usually ate fish one or more times each week. A) Study design and D) Main advantage or strength of this study design
2. A study was carried out in Santo Antonio de Jesus, a town in Bahia State, northeast Brazil, to determine the relationship between various biological, socioeconomic, behavioral, and geographical factors and the prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma mansoni infection. The study targeted children born in 1970-1971. The overall prevalence of S. mansoni infection was 31.0%. Several variables reflected different aspects of the population's way of life were strongly associated with the prevalence and the intensity of infection. A) Study design and C) Outcome
3. Between 1963 and 1966 a total of 5,356 subjects, randomized to receive BCG or saline inoculations, were examined for leprosy before the vaccination and surveillance was continued until 1979. BCG afforded 48% protection against clinical leprosy, being most effective against borderline tuberculoid leprosy and in children vaccinated when under 15 years old. Protection was evident within 12 months in those vaccinated between the ages of 10 and 15 years but was delayed in other age groups. There was evidence for accelerated manifestations of tuberculoid leprosy in children vaccinated when under 5 years of age. Tuberculin sensitivity was more likely to be sustained following multiple BCG inoculations; vaccines with sustained tuberculin sensitivity had the lowest incidence of leprosy, but protection was also evident in tuberculin negative vaccines. These results may have implications for ongoing trials of leprosy vaccine incorporating BCG. B) Exposure/Risk factor and E) Outcome and E) The measure of association in this study design
1. Study design:
- Observational cohort study
b. Exposure/Risk factor:
- Frequency of fish consumption (rarely or never vs usually)
c. Outcome:
- Mortality from coronary heart disease
d. Main advantage or strength of this study design:
- Long-term follow-up allows for the assessment of outcomes over time and enables the observation of temporal relationships between exposure and outcome.
e. Measure of association in this study design:
- Hazard ratio or relative risk
2. Study design:
- Cross-sectional study
b. Exposure/Risk factor:
- Various biological, socioeconomic, behavioral, and geographical factors
c. Outcome:
- Prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma mansoni infection
d. Main advantage or strength of this study design:
- Provides a snapshot of the population and allows for the assessment of multiple factors simultaneously.
e. Measure of association in this study design:
- Odds ratio or prevalence ratio
3. Study design:
- Randomized controlled trial
b. Exposure/Risk factor:
- BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccination
c. Outcome:
- Clinical leprosy
d. Main advantage or strength of this study design:
- Randomization helps eliminate confounding factors and allows for the assessment of causal relationships.
e. Measure of association in this study design:
- Risk ratio or risk difference
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