Q. decribe how it is metabolized and how many ATP are produced from each:
a)fructose
b)sucrose
c)palmitic acid
d)glycerol
e)alanine
f)glutamic acid
g)aspartic acid
i know that fructose produce 48 atps, sucrode produce 76 atps, palmitic acid produce 96atps glycrol produce 19 atps but i don't know how and i need to know how many atps are produced from alanine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid.
what the heck are you talking about.
To understand how each molecule is metabolized and how many ATP are produced, we need to look at the different metabolic pathways involved.
a) Fructose:
Fructose is metabolized in the liver mainly through the fructose metabolism pathway. It is converted into fructose-1-phosphate, which is then broken down further into glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. These metabolites then enter the glycolysis pathway, eventually leading to the production of ATP. In total, each molecule of fructose can produce around 36-38 ATP.
b) Sucrose:
Sucrose is a disaccharide made up of glucose and fructose. It needs to be broken down into its individual monosaccharides before entering the metabolic pathways. The breakdown of sucrose into glucose and fructose happens in the small intestine, primarily through the action of the enzyme sucrase. After breaking down, glucose follows the glycolysis pathway, while fructose goes through fructose metabolism (as explained above). Therefore, the total ATP production from sucrose would be the sum of ATP produced from glucose (around 36-38 ATP) and fructose (around 36-38 ATP), resulting in approximately 72-76 ATP.
c) Palmitic acid:
Palmitic acid is a common saturated fatty acid found in many dietary fats. It enters the cell and undergoes beta-oxidation, a process that takes place in the mitochondria. Beta-oxidation involves a series of reactions, resulting in the breakdown of the fatty acid into acetyl-CoA units. Each round of beta-oxidation produces one molecule of acetyl-CoA, which then enters the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle). Through the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, which occurs in the electron transport chain, each molecule of palmitic acid can produce approximately 106 ATP.
d) Glycerol:
Glycerol is obtained from the hydrolysis of triglycerides. It enters the cell and is first converted into glycerol-3-phosphate. Glycerol-3-phosphate can then be further metabolized through glycolysis or enter the gluconeogenesis pathway to be converted into glucose. Glucose follows the glycolysis pathway, and therefore, the ATP production from glycerol is around 36-38 ATP, similar to fructose.
e) Alanine:
Alanine is an amino acid involved in protein metabolism. It can be converted into pyruvate through a process called transamination. Pyruvate, in turn, enters the glycolysis pathway, where it can generate approximately 36-38 ATP.
f) Glutamic acid:
Glutamic acid is another amino acid that can be converted into alpha-ketoglutarate through a transamination reaction. Alpha-ketoglutarate enters the citric acid cycle, leading to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Each molecule of glutamic acid can generate around 36-38 ATP.
g) Aspartic acid:
Aspartic acid can be converted into oxaloacetate through a transamination reaction. Oxaloacetate can then enter the citric acid cycle, contributing to ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation. The ATP production from aspartic acid is also around 36-38 ATP.
To summarize:
a) Fructose: 36-38 ATP
b) Sucrose: 72-76 ATP
c) Palmitic acid: 106 ATP
d) Glycerol: 36-38 ATP
e) Alanine: 36-38 ATP
f) Glutamic acid: 36-38 ATP
g) Aspartic acid: 36-38 ATP