Suppose the concentration of glucose inside a cell is 0.1 mM and the cell is suspended in a glucose solution of 0.01 mM.

What would be the free energy change involved in transporting 10?6 mole of glucose from the medium into the cell? Assume T= 37 ?C. ANSWER: 5.93�10?6 kJ
What would be the free energy change involved in transporting 10?6 mole of glucose from the medium into the cell if the intracellular and extracellular concentrations were 1 mM and 10 mM, respectively? ANSWER:-5.93x10^-6 kJ
If the processes described in parts A and B were coupled to ATP hydrolysis, how many moles of ATP would have to be hydrolyzed in order to make each process favorable? (Use the standard free energy change for ATP hydrolysis.)
*I believe you need the answers from the previous two questions (posted above) to solve this, but I don't know how to use them. Any explanation would be appreciated!

Which statements about hydrogen bonds are correct?

1) Hydrogen bonds are the interaction between a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative element and the lone pair of electrons on a nearby electronegative atom.
2) The atom to which the hydrogen atom is covalently bonded is the hydrogen-bond donor.
3) The distance between the covalently bound H atom and its hydrogen-bonding donor is the sum of its van der Waals radii.
4) Hydrogen bonds can be stronger interactions than even charge-charge interactions.
Which statements about hydrogen bonds are correct?

1) Hydrogen bonds are the interaction between a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative element and the lone pair of electrons on a nearby electronegative atom.
2) The atom to which the hydrogen atom is covalently bonded is the hydrogen-bond donor.
3) The distance between the covalently bound H atom and its hydrogen-bonding donor is the sum of its van der Waals radii.
4) Hydrogen bonds can be stronger interactions than even charge-charge interactions.
2, 3, and 4 are correct.
1, 2, and 3 are correct.
1, 2, and 4 are correct.
All of the listed statements are correct.

2. What is the role of ATP in the cell? (1 point)

Transporting energy within the cell
Absorbing water during photosynthesis
Transporting oxygen for respiration
Absorbing light energy for photosynthesis
3. What happens during photosynthesis? (1 point)
Heterotrophs consume ATP.
Heterotrophs produce ATP.
Autotrophs consume organic molecules.
Autotrophs produce organic molecules.
4. How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related? (1 point)
Cellular respiration cannot occur without photosynthesis.
They each occur in completely different organisms.
Both depend on ATP as a source of energy.
Both produce more ATP than they use.

To answer this question, we need to use the concept of free energy change (∆G). The formula to calculate ∆G is as follows:

∆G = ∆G° + RT ln(Q)

Where:
- ∆G is the free energy change
- ∆G° is the standard free energy change
- R is the gas constant (8.314 J/(mol·K) or 0.008314 kJ/(mol·K))
- T is the temperature in Kelvin (37 °C + 273.15 = 310.15 K)
- Q is the reaction quotient

In part A:
Given, initial concentration inside the cell (c1) = 0.1 mM
Given, initial concentration outside the cell (c2) = 0.01 mM

∆G_A = ∆G° + RT ln(Q_A)
Q_A = c2 / c1

∆G_A = ∆G° + RT ln(c2 / c1)

Given ∆G_A = 5.93×10^-6 kJ, we can solve for ∆G°.

In part B:
Given, c1 = 1 mM
Given, c2 = 10 mM

∆G_B = ∆G° + RT ln(Q_B)
Q_B = c2 / c1

∆G_B = ∆G° + RT ln(c2 / c1)

Given ∆G_B = -5.93×10^-6 kJ, we can solve for ∆G°.

Now, using the equations from parts A and B, you can substitute the respective values of ∆G_A and ∆G_B to calculate ∆G°.

In the final part of the question, we need to determine the number of moles of ATP hydrolyzed to make each process favorable. For this, we can use the equation:

∆G = -n ∆G°

where n is the number of moles of ATP hydrolyzed.

To find the value of n, we can rearrange the equation as:

n = -∆G / ∆G°

Now, you can substitute the appropriate values of ∆G and ∆G° calculated from parts A and B to find the number of moles of ATP hydrolyzed for each process.

To solve the third question, we need the answers from the previous two questions. Let's start with the information we have:

In part A, the free energy change involved in transporting 10^-6 mole of glucose from the medium into the cell is 5.93x10^-6 kJ.

In part B, the free energy change involved in transporting 10^-6 mole of glucose from the medium into the cell, with intracellular and extracellular concentrations of 1 mM and 10 mM respectively, is -5.93x10^-6 kJ.

Now, let's consider the coupling of these processes to ATP hydrolysis. ATP hydrolysis involves breaking down ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), releasing energy in the process. The standard free energy change for ATP hydrolysis under physiological conditions (T=37°C) is approximately -30.5 kJ/mol.

To make a process favorable, the total free energy change of the system should be negative. This means that the sum of the free energy changes from the glucose transport and ATP hydrolysis should be negative.

In part A, the free energy change of transporting glucose into the cell is positive (+5.93x10^-6 kJ). To make this process favorable, ATP hydrolysis needs to provide enough energy to compensate for this positive value. Given that the free energy change for ATP hydrolysis is -30.5 kJ/mol, we can calculate the number of moles of ATP needed as follows:

Number of moles of ATP = (Free energy change for glucose transport) / (Free energy change for ATP hydrolysis)
= (+5.93x10^-6 kJ) / (-30.5 kJ/mol)
= -1.94x10^-7 mol

Therefore, approximately 1.94x10^-7 mol of ATP would need to be hydrolyzed to make the process in part A favorable.

In part B, the free energy change of transporting glucose into the cell is already negative (-5.93x10^-6 kJ). This negative value means that the process is already favorable. In this case, ATP hydrolysis is not required to make the process favorable, as it is already spontaneous.

To summarize:

Part A: Approximately 1.94x10^-7 mol of ATP would need to be hydrolyzed.
Part B: No ATP hydrolysis is required as the process is already favorable.