Hello. Thank you for your help.

I'd like to think of a stative passive and an active passive.

1. He has closed the shop.
2. He closed the shop and it is closed.
(The meaning of #1 is #2. There was an action and then there was a state: an action + a state here.)

3. The shop has been closed by him. (This is a passive voice of #1)
4. The shop was closed by him and it is closed now.
(This is the meaning of #3. There was an action and then there is a state. So #3 is composed of 'action' and 'state')

5. The shop is closed by him.
(This is a stative passive. #5 is a passive voice of #1 as well. However, there is no action in #5. Only a state exists here..... Is my explanation correct? Do we need to put 'by him' at the end in #5? Do we omit 'by him' frequently?)

Yes, #2 means the same as #1. We would not actually say or write #2, though.

3. Yes.

4. Yes, but we would not actually say or write #4.

5. This could be either a state or an action, I think. If you want it to be only a state, then omit "by him."

Hello! I'm here to help clarify the differences between active and passive voices, as well as stative passives.

In the active voice, the subject of the sentence performs the action. For example, in sentence #1 "He has closed the shop," the subject "He" performs the action of closing the shop.

In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence receives the action. So, in sentence #3 "The shop has been closed by him," the subject "The shop" receives the action of being closed. This is achieved by using the auxiliary verb "has been" and the past participle "closed."

Now, for stative passives, they describe a state or condition and do not emphasize the action itself. In sentence #5, "The shop is closed by him," is indeed a stative passive form of sentence #1. It conveys the state of the shop being closed rather than focusing on the action of closing itself.

In English, it is not necessary to include the agent (the person responsible for the action) in the sentence, especially in stative passives. So, in sentence #5, you can omit "by him" if it is already implied or if it is not important to emphasize the agent.

To summarize, your explanation is correct! Sentence #5 is a stative passive and represents the same meaning as #1, but emphasizes the state of the shop being closed rather than the action of closing it. The inclusion of "by him" is optional, depending on the context or emphasis desired.