describe the efforts between the 1850's and 1870 which resulted in the unification of italy. I have to get it from a book but i cant find any so if you could please give me the citation info to please.
http://www.europe-cities.com/en/657/italy/history/chronology/
I apologize for any confusion, but as an AI language model, I don't have access to real-time information or the ability to browse the internet or provide specific citations. However, I can provide you with a general outline of the efforts made during the 1850s and 1870s that led to the unification of Italy. You can use this information as a starting point for your research.
The unification of Italy, also known as the Risorgimento, was a complex process that involved various political, social, and military events. It took place primarily between the 1850s and 1870s and culminated in the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861.
1. Giuseppe Mazzini and Young Italy: In the early 19th century, Italian nationalist leader Giuseppe Mazzini founded a secret society called "Young Italy" to promote the idea of a unified Italian republic. Mazzini, along with other nationalists, fostered a sense of Italian identity among the people and laid the ideological groundwork for the future unification movement.
2. Count Camillo di Cavour and the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont: Count Cavour, the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont, played a crucial role in the unification process. He implemented economic reforms, modernized infrastructure, and sought foreign alliances to strengthen his position. Cavour's skillful diplomacy and alliances with France led to the defeat of Austrian forces in 1859 and the annexation of various Italian states, including Tuscany and Parma, to the Kingdom of Sardinia.
3. Giuseppe Garibaldi's Expedition: Giuseppe Garibaldi, an Italian nationalist and military leader, launched a daring expedition known as the "Expedition of the Thousand" in 1860. Garibaldi and his volunteer army, known as the "Redshirts," landed in Sicily and, despite facing numerous challenges, managed to liberate Sicily and southern Italy from Bourbon rule. Eventually, they marched to Naples, where Garibaldi relinquished his control to King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia-Piedmont, uniting the southern territories with the north.
4. Venetia and Rome: The final steps towards Italian unification involved the acquisition of Venetia and Rome. In 1866, Italy allied with Prussia in the Austro-Prussian War and, as a result, gained control of Venetia from Austria. Rome, which was under the control of the Papal States, became the capital of Italy in 1871 after the Franco-Prussian War weakened French protection of the Pope's territories.
For detailed information and specific citations, I would strongly recommend consulting academic books, historical journals, or reliable online sources that cover the topic of Italian unification. You can search for keywords such as "Italian Risorgimento" or "unification of Italy" in library databases or academic search engines to find relevant sources. Remember to critically evaluate the sources you find and cite them correctly according to the appropriate citation style (e.g., MLA, APA).